北京市大气颗粒物及其铅的来源识别和解析

2005年9月—2006年9月,在北京的北郊(昌平区)、城区和南郊(房山区)3个采样点位共采集总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品166个. 用ICP-AES和ICP-MS方法测量Pb等29个无机元素. 应用正矩阵因子分析方法识别的TSP的3组主要来源为土壤扬尘源、建筑源和燃煤源;2组次要来源为有色冶金源和燃油源. 北京市大气颗粒物中Pb的2个主要来源为燃煤源和有色冶金源,分别占总量的19%～39%和49%～62%;次要来源有土壤扬尘源和建筑源,分别占总量的2%～4%和7%～8%. 北京市北郊、城区和南郊的ρ(Pb)年均值分别为102,142和179 ng/m3. 燃煤源排放的铅分布比较均衡,在3个采样点位ρ(Pb)大体持平;而有色冶金源排放的铅有明显的采样点位差异,具有南高北低的趋势,这提示有色冶金源的主要方位是在北京的南边. 北京市大气ρ(Pb)有可观的下降空间. 铅排放削减和有关环境管理措施的主要对象应为涉铅的有色冶金行业. 对原料煤中铅含量的监测、控制和管理也应予以重视.      

长春市大气颗粒汞及其干沉降通量

在1999-07～2000-01,监测了长春市5个功能区及一个对照点的大气颗粒汞浓度.非采暖期,市区颗粒汞浓度范围为0.022ng·m^-3～0.398ng·m^-3,平均为0.145 ng·m^-3,对照点平均为0.084ng·m^-3.采暖期,市区颗粒汞浓度范围为0.148ng·m^-3～1.984ng·m^-3,平均为0.461ng·m^-3,对照点平均为0.211ng·m^-3.采暖期颗粒汞浓度平均超出非采暖期2倍以上.燃煤与地面扬尘是大气颗粒汞的2个主要来源.地面扬尘对颗粒汞的贡献约占8%～30%.应用理论模型估算汞的干沉降通量,市区颗粒汞干沉降通量为43.06μg·(m2·a)^-1,对照点为21.28ng·(m²·a)^-1.     

上海市大气环境中有机卤素污染物的来源及分布规律

采用中子活化分析和气相色谱分析方法,检测了上海嘉定区2004-12～2005-08期间大气颗粒物和降水样品,分析了可萃取有机卤素（EOX）、可萃取持久性有机卤素（EPOX）、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量.不同粒径大气颗粒物（TSP、PM₁₀）和降水中EOX月均浓度分别为：1?425.37 ng·m^-3、552.78 ng·m^-3和815.7 ng·L^-1,EPOX月均浓度分别为：21.18 ng·m^-3、10.7 ng·m^-3和低于检测值,OCPs月均浓度分别为：64.4　pg·m^-3、31.00 　pg·m^-3和7.08 pg·L^-1.结果表明,EOCl含量占EOX的 80%～96％,即有机氯是大气环境中有机卤素污染物的主要成分,有机卤素污染物绝大部分是酸不稳定化合物,而且大多数有机卤素是未知结构化合物.发现细颗粒具有元素择优富集效应.大气颗粒物是有机氯农药和多氯联苯的主要载体,有机卤素吸附物以5～8氯取代数的高氯PCBs和DDT及其代谢物组分为主,而降水中则以3～5氯取代数的低氯PCBs和HCH组分为主.     

2007年春节期间北京大气细粒子中正构烷烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM_2.5样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的正构烷烃进行了检测和分析.结果表明,春节期间大气细粒子平均浓度全部超过WHO阈值,且夜间平均浓度要高于白天.细粒子中检测出C₁₀～C₃₃的正构烷烃,总浓度为201.7～2 715.6　ng·m^-3,夜间正构烷烃的平均总浓度（943.5 ng·m^-3）要高于白天(581.1 ng·m^-3）,除夕前的平均总浓度（1025.5 ng·m^-3）要高于除夕后（536.6 ng·m^-3）.主峰碳为23、 24和25,CPI值为0.9～1.4,平均为1.15,表明春节期间北京大气细粒子中的正构烷烃主要由化石燃料的不完全燃烧产生,%WaxC_n的结果表明生物源对气溶胶中正构烷烃的贡献率为8.5%～47%.     

南京市不同功能区冬季大气PM2.5分布特征及其来源解析

2016年12月-2017年1月,在南京市4类典型功能区（农业区、住宅区、交通干道区、工业区）各选两点,共采集了大气PM_2.5样品32套,测定并分析了其质量浓度、9种水溶性离子（WSIs）、有机碳（OC）以及元素碳（EC）的含量.观测期间,南京市冬季PM_2.5的平均浓度为104.5 μg·m^-3,分布特征为：工业区（116.6 μg·m^-3）>农业区（104.3 μg·m^-3）>住宅区（100.1 μg·m^-3）>交通干道区（96.9 μg·m^-3）;WSIs、OC和EC的平均浓度（/PM_2.5）分别为：53.4 μg·m^-3（51.1%）、11.8 μg·m^-3（11.3%）、8.2 μg·m^-3（7.8%）.农业区和住宅区受WSIs污染较严重且NOR、SOR较高,而工业区和交通干道区的OC、EC污染较严重且SOC/OC较高.进一步运用PMF模型解析,南京市冬季PM_2.5来源为：二次源（37.3%）、工业源（31.2%）、交通源（16.4%）、建筑尘（7.9%）和燃煤源（7.2%）.最后,本文收集了自2000年起南京市冬季大气PM_2.5浓度及其污染来源研究,总体而言,近年来南京冬季大气PM_2.5浓度呈下降趋势,其主要污染源比重也发生了较大变化,燃煤贡献有所下降,而工业和交通排放逐渐上升,且二次污染贡献逐渐突出.今后,控制二次污染源将成为南京市大气PM_2.5治理的重中之重.     

2013-2014年河南省PM2.5浓度及其来源模拟研究

随着城市化和工业化水平的逐渐提高,河南省的空气污染问题也日益严重.利用嵌套网格空气质量模式（NAQPMS）,数值模拟了2013年7月-2014年6月年河南省大气细颗粒物及其前体物（NO₂、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5）的地面浓度,并量化了其主要来源.结果表明：模式能够较好地再现污染物的时空演化特征.整体来讲,河南省PM_2.5的高值区集中在中部和北部地区,呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.在线源解析模拟发现,河南省不同地区PM_2.5的来源有所不同,中西部地区主要来自于本地,而在东部和北部地市,来自周边省份的区域输送更为显著,其贡献达到40%～50%,且在PM_2.5浓度的高值区更为明显.就行业贡献而言,居民源、工业源和机动车排放是河南省PM_2.5浓度的主要来源,其浓度贡献分别为23.7 μg·m^-3（贡献比例24%,下同）、20.6 μg·m^-3（21%）和21.3 μg·m^-3（22%）,电厂、农牧业和地面扬尘的浓度贡献分别为7.0 μg·m^-3（7%）、8.7 μg·m^-3（9%）和17.8 μg·m^-3（18%）.受居民源影响最大的地区是河南中东部和北部地市,其贡献达到PM_2.5浓度的27%、27%和25%.工业源影响最大的地区集中在太行山南部地市,其浓度贡献为26.4 μg·m^-3（24%）,在其他地市的贡献为17%～23%.机动车对河南东部影响最为显著,其浓度贡献为22.9 μg·m^-3（24%）.电厂和农畜牧业对全省PM_2.5的贡献分布比较均匀,分别为6%～9%和8%～10%.分析不同浓度下的PM_2.5来源,发现工业源和扬尘贡献随PM_2.5浓度增加逐渐降低,而居民源和机动车排放的贡献则有所增加,在PM_2.5浓度高于100 μg·m^-3期间,达到22%和20%.     

超低排放典型燃烧源颗粒物及水溶性离子排放水平与特征

研究以自行开发建立的超低排放高湿废气中总颗粒物（total particulate matter,TPM）的直接冷凝采样系统及监测方法,应用于3台北京市超低排放典型燃烧源烟气中颗粒物的排放监测.分析和评估超低排放典型燃烧源排气中颗粒物及其水溶性离子的排放水平与组成特征,探究可过滤颗粒物（filterable particulate matter,FPM）和可凝聚颗粒物（condensable particulate matter,CPM）及其水溶性离子的相互作用与影响因素.结果表明：北京市超低排放燃煤锅炉FPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于1.04~1.11mg·m^-3之间,TPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于3.82~8.69mg·m^-3之间,均满足国家超低排放颗粒物限值要求（10mg·m^-3）,燃煤电厂TPM排放浓度超过了北京市颗粒物排放标准限值要求（5 mg·m^-3）.燃煤供暖锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为3.05mg·m^-3和1.30mg·m^-3,显著低于燃煤电厂,与燃煤电厂的负荷和烟温较高有关;燃煤电厂锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放浓度分别是燃煤供暖锅炉的2.2~2.4倍和1.7~2.2倍.燃气电厂TPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为1.99mg·m^-3和1.44mg·m^-3,均明显低于燃煤锅炉.CPM是燃烧源排气中颗粒物的主要形式,在超低排放锅炉烟气中CPM对TPM的质量贡献显著增加,并随烟温的升高而增加,燃煤锅炉为72.6%~88.1%,燃气电厂为93.1%,且水溶性离子总量的66.1%~94.2%存在于CPM中.排气烟温显著影响颗粒物及其水溶性离子的赋存形态、脱除效率与排放水平.SO₄^2-是燃煤锅炉颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度介于0.98~1.18mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的27.7%~49.6%,来源于烟气脱硫;F^-是燃煤电厂颗粒物中又一主要特征离子,排放浓度介于1.91~2.32mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的54.4%~56.1%,可能与燃料煤含氟量高有关;NH₄⁺是燃气电厂颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度为0.92mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的64.2%,来源于选择性催化还原法（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）脱硝过程中的NH₃逃逸,其排放浓度显著高于燃煤锅炉,可能与燃气电厂缺少其它净化设施的协同去除效应有关.     

燃煤电厂区域颗粒物及颗粒物汞分布特征研究

对东南沿海平原地区某燃煤电厂不同方位距离的9个采样点进行为期9个月的大气颗粒物采集,以PM_2.5、PM₁₀为对象,研究了颗粒物与颗粒物汞的时空分布,探讨了燃煤电厂排放对周边大气颗粒物与颗粒物汞分布的影响.结果表明：①本研究区PM_2.5平均浓度为78.10 μg·m^-3,其中颗粒物汞平均浓度为294.88 pg·m^-3;PM₁₀平均浓度为114.48 μg·m^-3,其中颗粒物汞平均浓度为363.41 pg·m^-3,均高于海内外众多城市.②冬季颗粒物、碳组分及颗粒物汞的浓度远高于春、夏、秋三季,冬季燃煤量大、逆温等气象因素及远距离污染物传输均造成当地冬季颗粒物累积.③大气颗粒物汞浓度随距电厂距离的增加先增加后降低,最大浓度范围为电厂W-NW方向1.3~2.5 km处.④各采样点均受到多种污染源共同影响,以燃煤尘为主,餐饮油烟、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧和扬尘次之,燃煤电厂对周边区域环境大气可吸入颗粒物主要影响区域为W-NW方向1.3~2.5 km.     

基于积尘负荷的西安市铺装道路扬尘排放研究

近年来城市颗粒物污染问题日渐突出,严重影响着人们的环境幸福指数和对美好环境的期待.道路扬尘作为城市扬尘的重要组成部分,对颗粒物污染的贡献不容小觑.在此背景下,采用积尘负荷法采集西安市快速路、主干道、次干道、支路等4种类型25条道路的道路扬尘样品,并分析采样速率、采样次数等因素对采样效率的影响.在此基础上,计算得到西安市各类型道路的平均积尘负荷,结合车流量、车重、道路长度,通过《扬尘源颗粒物排放清单技术指南》中的公式计算得到各种类型道路TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放系数及排放量.结果显示：采样速率为1.0 m²·min^-1,采样次数为两次可满足采样要求.不同类型道路积尘顺序为：支路（4.18 g·m^-2）>次干道（2.80 g·m^-2）>快速路（1.49 g·m^-2）>主干路（1.34 g·m^-2）;道路积尘TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的平均排放系数分别为6.066、1.542和0.447 g·km^-1.快速路和主干路的扬尘排放系数较小,支路的扬尘排放系数次之,次干路的扬尘排放系数较大.采用Monte Carlo方法对TSP、PM₁₀和PM_2.5的排放量进行不确定性分析,在95%的概率分布范围下,三者定量不确定性均为-16.88%~17.96%.     

青岛市港口区域PM2.5污染特征及来源解析研究

港口区域因大气污染物排放量大且污染源复杂,已成为沿海城市大气污染防治的关键区域.为明确青岛港口区域PM_2.5污染特征及主要贡献源类,于2019年在青岛市3个港口区域和1个背景点位采集了不同季节的环境PM_2.5样品,并分析了其化学组分特征;同时,采用正定矩阵因子分析模型（PMF）和潜在源贡献函数（PSCF）分别分析了港口区域PM_2.5的主要贡献源类及各源类潜在的影响区域.结果表明,2019年青岛港口区域ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为64 μg·m^-3,是我国空气质量二级标准的1.8倍,其中,董家口点位最高（74 μg·m^-3）,崂山点位最低（55 μg·m^-3）. NO₃^-、OC和SO₄^2-是PM_2.5的主导组分,其中,NO₃^-含量（13.1%）明显高于其它组分.董家口点位ρ（NO₃^-）、ρ（SO₄^2-）、ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）（分别为13.0、7.09、8.98和2.91 μg·m^-3）明显高于其它点位,燃煤、工业特别是钢铁企业及货车等影响可能较为明显.同时,冬季这些组分浓度也显著高于其它 季节,而夏季Na的浓度（0.96 μg·m^-3）和占比（2.13%）明显较高;春季Si和Al的浓度（1.27和0.45 μg·m^-3）和占比（2.79%和1.00%）明显高于其它季节.PMF源解析结果表明,二次硫酸盐和二次有机碳气溶胶（SOA）混合源（22.4%）及二次硝酸盐（20.1%）是港口区域PM_2.5的主要贡献源类,其次为机动车源（16.7%）和扬尘源（14.6%）,燃煤源的贡献率为13.8%,而海盐和船舶源的贡献为7.2%.从季节变化来看,春季扬尘贡献（32.1%）较高,夏季二次硫酸盐和二次有机碳气溶胶（SOA）混合源（31.6%）、海盐和船舶源（19.2%）贡献较高,而冬季燃煤（16.6%）、机动车（22.8%）、二次硝酸盐（23.9%）、钢铁及相关冶金源（3.2%）和建筑水泥尘（3.6%）贡献较高.河北省中南部及山东省中西部地区是青岛港口各 源类的主要潜在源区,黄海是船舶排放的主要潜在源区.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.