重庆三峡库区生态经济区农业发展水平聚类分析

从重庆三峡库区生态经济区19个区县(自治县)农业生态环境状况,农业生产、经济和社会发展状况,农业可持续发展能力3方面选用20个指标,运用系统聚类分析方法对三峡库区生态经济区农业发展综合水平作出分类评估.结果表明,三峡库区生态经济区农业发展综合水平从高到低依次为都市带动区、四川盆地边缘区、库区中部地区、渝东南少数民族聚居区和三峡库区前沿区.     

三峡库区支流系统治理的问题和对策

三峡工程是举世瞩目的水利工程,在防洪、发电、航运等方面产生了巨大的综合效益,但同时也带来了一定生态环境问题,尤其在库区支流,其水环境问题已引发越来越多的关注.本文梳理了三峡库区支流生态环境现状和存在的主要问题,遵循"山水林田湖草沙"系统治理理念,提出三峡库区支流系统治理的思路与措施,促进库区支流水资源涵养、提高水环境质...     

三峡库区生态环境综合评价与聚类分析

三峡库区是我国水土流失比较严重的地区之一 ,面临着生物多样性下降、生态系统功能降低、农业非点源污染加剧、岸边污染带扩大、水质恶化等一系列的环境问题。本文在建立生态环境综合评价指标体系的基础上 ,根据三峡库区不同地区生态环境问题的相似性和差异性 ,进行了聚类分析。依据聚类分析结果可以将该区 19个县市区划分为7类地区     

苏北里下河地区湿地资源可持续利用的思考

以里下河地区湿地资源利用为例，剖析湿地资源开发过程中带来的相关环境问题，包括：湿地面积缩小，自然灾害濒发；区内环境状况日趋恶化，生产与生活性污染严重；湿地功能日益衰退；湿地农业生产效益下降，农民的生产投入明显不足。此外，还探讨湿地生态系统可持续利用对策，具体有：建立湿地可持续利用新的评价指标与标准，建立预警分析系统，以现代湿地生态工程技术为指导，全面提高湿地利用的社会、经济、环境综合效益。     

哈尔滨市绿地景观格局与过程的连通性和完整性

城市绿地景观的空间结构和生态过程的研究是城市景观生态系统研究的重要内容和基本特色之一．应用景观生态学原理，在遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下对哈尔滨城市现有景观生态格局进行了研究和分析，认为主要存在以下景观生态问题：景观生态连通性低；景观结构单一；绿地面积少，且绿地空间分布不均衡．在现有景观格局基础上，哈尔滨市可望通过以下几个方面改善景观生态过程和格局的连续性：在景观生态战略点开辟新的绿色斑块；建立和完善生态化的水系廊道网络；建立城效绿化网络，连接绿地系统的点、线、面；增加城市绿地系统中的景观异质性和多样性；在城市扩展中维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性．图4表4参19     

经济全球化背景下中国农业生态学面临的新问题与新任务

中国农业发展正呈现现代化、结构优化、产业化、标准化、信息化、生态良性化等发展趋势。在经济全球化背景下，中国加入WT0后，农业生态学也面临着新的问题和任务，主要包括：(1)农业结构调整中的生态学问题；(2)农业生物安全问题；(3)食物安全与生态农业建设问题；(4)农业资源与物种多样性保护问题；(5)农业生态管理与生态补偿问题；(6)农业与农村生态环境建设与生态恢复问题；(7)农业人口迁移与城市化过程中的生态学问题；(8)贫困地区的农业生态经济与可持续发展问题。     

三峡库区生态环境综合评价与聚类分析

三峡库区是我国水土流失比较严重的地区之一,面临着生物多样性下降、生态系统功能降低、农业非点源污染加剧、岸边污染带扩大、水质恶化等一系列的环境问题。本文在建立生态环境综合评价指标体系的基础上,根据三峡库区不同地区生态环境问题的相似性和差异性,促进了聚类分析。根据聚类分析结果可以将该区19个县市区划分为7类地区。     

中国生态系统研究网络中农业生态系统水平衡水循环研究的方向…

阐述了农业生态水平衡水循环研究的方向是研究农田土壤－植物－大气系统的水分交换及其在生产实践中的作用和理论上的意义，其研究任务可分四个层次：（１）在试验站综合观测场进行点的试验；（２）在生态系统优化模式的试验示范区进行小区，小流域的试验；（３）在更大的生态类型区域内进行更全面，更复杂问题的研究；（４）在区域研究的基础上对不同生态类型地区水平衡水循环进行联网研究，作者认为，在ＣＥＲＮ中应重视有关农业生     

三峡库区生态环境保护基本战略

本文从可持续发展生态的基本观点出发，强调三峡工程是一项改善生态环境的工程及其对三峡库区生态环境的影响，针对三峡库区生态环境的特点，提出了实施三峡库区生态环境保护的战略对策和操作建议。     

现代生态农业与农业安全

现代生态农业是现代农业的发展方向；现代生态农业的核心是农业的可持续发展，其重要内容是农业安全。文章着重提出现代生态农业的基本概念与内涵，指出现代生态农业是以生态理论为基础，以现代生态农业技术为手段，通过农业与环境，生态与经济的平衡，达到农业可持续发展、农业安全和人类健康的最终目标。在总结国家发展现代生态农业的经验的基础上，列举了我国东南沿海经济发达地区(包括江苏省)存在的生态环境质量和农业安全问题，最后提出现代生态农业建设和解决农业安全问题的对策与建议。     

基于移民调查的三峡库首地区人口、耕地资源及生态环境状况分析

对三峡库首地区秭归、兴山、巴东等县人口、耕地资源和农业生产力状况进行了统计,并选择库区典型乡镇移民户作为调查对象,点面结合地分析了移民安置对三峡库首地区人口、耕地资源和生态环境状况的影响。结果表明,移民搬迁过程中,库首地区各县乡镇总人口降低,蓄水影响到的移民户基本都得到了妥善安置,农村劳动力资源未明显下降;三峡工程蓄水后,库首地区低海拔区域的耕地被淹没,农村可用耕地总量减少,人地资源矛盾比较突出;在耕地总量和人均耕地面积降低情况下,秭归县粮食、柑橘和蔬菜种植面积和产量仍稳步提高,库区农业生产保持稳步发展;移民搬迁以后,库首地区农村的居住环境、住宅条件、生活条件和交通条件均较移民前有明显改善,农户普遍评价较好,淹水对农村生态环境状况有一定影响,存在自然灾害和病虫害增多、农村废弃物处理设施不足等问题,库区生态环境问题应引起政府的足够重视。     

Ecological restoration,social-economic changes and sustainable development in the Three Gorges Reservoir area: A case study in Yunyang,Chongqing Municipality

The Three Gorges Reservoir area contains high mountains and deep valleys. The fragile mountainous ecosystems are facing problems such as overpopulation, less available farmland, ecological degradation and poverty. The construction of the Three Gorges Project and a series of ecological restoration activities and social-economic changes have influenced the present and future viability of this area. The measures which have been taken indicate that restoring and renewing the degraded ecosystems and improving the economy is a prerequisite and is possible. Yunyang, a typical county, both in terms of poverty and ecological degradation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing Municipality, was chosen for the case study. This paper discusses the impacts of the Grain-for-Green project, ecological agriculture, urban and infrastructure building and ecological immigrants on the regional sustainable development through detailed field investigation and a questionnaire survey.     

三峡库区土地覆被动态变化遥感分析

利用 1 995年和 2 0 0 0年TM卫星影像资料 ,对三峡库区 5年内的土地覆被动态变化进行了分析。结果表明 ,该时期库区土地覆被的变化主要表现为林地向草地和耕地转化 ,以及耕地向建设用地转化 ;其次是林地向建设用地转化 ,有林地向灌丛转化 ,以及草地向林地转化。土地覆被的这种变化说明 ,三峡库区近几年来生态环境在总体上呈现继续恶化的趋势 ,仅局部地区有所好转。     

三峡水库消落带典型主动与被动修复策略对土壤饱和导水率的影响

人工造林的主动修复与退耕还林还草的被动修复是退化生态系统典型的生态修复策略.以三峡水库运行后形成的消落带为研究对象,研究不同生态修复策略对消落带土壤饱和导水率的影响,对生态脆弱带的水土保持效应具有重要意义.选取桑树+水杉复合林(主动修复)、自然草地(被动修复)、农田(对照)为研究样地,探究了两种不同生态修复策略下三峡水...     

基于InVEST模型的三峡库区(重庆段)生境质量时空演变分析

为识别生境质量优劣的具体区域,揭示土地利用变化下生境质量时空演变特征,对集大农村、大库区于一体的三峡库区(重庆段)开展生境质量研究.以2000、2010及2020年土地利用数据为基础,运用InVEST模型对三峡库区(重庆段)2000—2020年生境质量进行定量评价,并结合转移矩阵方法挖掘了生境质量退化的具体区域.结果表...     

生态保护红线分区建设模式研究——以广东大鹏半岛为例

生态保护红线是中国一项创新性的环境保护制度,但目前其划分和实施管理机制仍处于不断探索阶段。以大鹏半岛为研究区域开展生态保护红线分区模式研究。通过生态调查和GIS空间分析相结合,综合分析大鹏半岛的功能定位、地形地貌特征、典型生态系统类型、珍稀濒危动植物资源和自然遗迹的分布状况、生态系统完整性和连续性特征,构建了全面反映生态特征的生态保护红线分区建设模式,提出基本生态控制线内差别化管理的思路,探讨了分区、分类、分级的生态保护管理体系,创新了流域生态管理模式。以基本生态控制线为基础划分7个重点区域进行分类分级保护模式,重点保护面积为171.59 km2,占基本生态控制线面积的77.3%。重点保护区域包括大鹏半岛国家地质公园、大鹏半岛自然保护区、红花岭海岸森林公园、大鹏半岛中部生态廊道、坝光古银叶树Heritiera littoralis国家湿地公园、东涌红树林湿地公园、西涌香蒲桃Syzygium odoratum林自然保护小区。该模式的实施既能较好地保护大鹏半岛具有重要生态价值的资源,也能够协调经济社会发展和生态保护的关系,是深圳市基本生态控制线内分区管理制度的有益尝试,为生态保护红线的可持续性管理提供技术支撑,也为中国城市生态保护红线的划分体系和精细化管理提供参考。     

三峡水库1956—2017年坝下径流特征分析

采用三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站1956—2017年日径流监测数据和长江上游80个国家气象站年均降水量长系列资料,利用一元线性分析法、滑动平均法、线性趋势回归法、非参数统计检验法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关、累积距平法和滑动T检验法分析三峡工程运行前后坝下径流的变化特征,其成果可为三峡工程调度提供参考。结果表明:三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站径流量变化趋势具有显著阶段性。三峡水库蓄水运行前宜昌水文站径流量和上游降水量相关性超过90%,该时期径流量主要受上游天然来水影响。三峡水库运行后,径流量主要受人类活动影响。宜昌水文站径流年际变化减少趋势不显著,长江上游降水量呈显著减少趋势。坝下径流量和上游降水量在2002年发生了突变且变化趋势相同,但径流量减少趋势不显著。径流年内分布发生了一定变化,其中汛期径流量占年径流总量百分比从72%下降到66%,枯期径流量占年径流量总量百分比从11%增加到15%。三峡工程调蓄是人类活动的直接表现,枯期宜昌水文站径流量增大是三峡工程生态效益的具体体现。     

Mountain environment and population in Georgia: case study of Upper Svaneti

The purpose of the presented research is to identify local community opinions toward ecological problems in one of the mountainous region of Georgia (Upper Svaneti), to analyze how population ‘perceive, experience, and interpret’ the social, and ecological issues.

The paper is based on the results of Upper Svanet ipopulation’s survey which was carried out by the authors of presented paper during the August of 2015 and 2016.The questionnaire was elaborated taking into account the peculiarities of the region. Stratified-cluster selection method was used for selection of respondents and database compilation. For statistical analysis of polling data the SPSS package was used.

Based on the statistical analysis of survey results, the following issues have been studied: the most important ecological problems, environmental problems with respect to socio-economic ones, information sources on ecological problems, people’s trust in environmental issues, awareness level of the population on environmental policy, their personal contribution in environmental protection, ways to solve ecological problems, implemented environmental measures.

The obtained results are important to foster mountain population’s active participation in processes that contribute to decision-making processes, planning and implementing programs for sustainable development.     

Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system in Three Gorges Reservoir area

• A new algorithm of two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model was built. • The migration and diffusion of TP was simulated. • The emergency measures for sudden water pollution accidents was proposed. In recent years, sudden water pollution accidents in China’s rivers have become more frequent, resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents. Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction. This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system. The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations. The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents. The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season, followed by the water storage period, drawdown season, and dry season, in that order. The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants. This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated, and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.     

Moving towards sustainable development: rhetoric,policy and reality of ecological agriculture in China

Past decades have witnessed the rise of sustainable agriculture movements throughout the world. In parallel with this international trend, ecological agriculture (with essential goals of food security, rural employment, poverty alleviation, natural resource management and environmental protection) has been advocated as a workable approach for the realization of sustainable agriculture in China. Two decades of ecological agricultural development have shown that it not only gained legitimacy at the senior policy level but also became a focus of scientific research in fields such as ecological economics, ecology, and agricultural and environmental sciences. However, this endeavour is hardly known in the West and little attention has been paid so far to examining the broader politico-economic and sociocultural contexts within which it has evolved. This paper attempts to provide a general review of the emerging background, development history, policy initiatives and recent tendencies of ecological agriculture. In addition, the extant problems and potential contributions of this alternative practice to China's sustainable agricultural development are discussed. The purpose of this study is to identify the gap between the policy rhetoric and practical implementation of Chinese ecological agriculture and therefore to facilitate its moving towards sustainable development.