生物传感器在环境监测领域的应用

本文简要介绍了生物传感器的原理、特点及分类,着重介绍生物传感器在水、大气、生物等环境监测领域的应用,展望了生物传感器在环保领域的发展方向及前景。     

浅谈县级市环境监测与环境管理的关系

监测与管理是环保工作中最基本、最重要的两个方面,本文较详细地探讨了县级市环境监测和环境管理的定义、范围及内容,并从依靠与服务的根本关系上强调;只有两者有机结合、互相支持才能搞好新形势下的环保工作。     

Environmental monitoring at Hanford,Washington, USA: A brief site history and summary of recent results

Nuclear and nonnuclear industrial and research activities have been conducted on the Hanford reservation since 1943. Materials originating from these activities may enter the surrounding environment through releases of airborne and liquid effluents and solid wastes. Concern about the environmental effects of these releases has evolved over the past four decades into a comprehensive onsite and offsite monitoring program. Today, environmental monitoring to assess potential impacts of released materials includes field sampling and chemical and physical analyses of air, ground and surface water, fish and wildlife, soil, vegetation, and foodstuffs. This paper reviews the history of Hanford operations and summarizes the current environmental monitoring program and its major findings. Mathematical models based on monitoring data show that radiation doses to people living near the Hanford site are well below existing regulatory standards. Only trace amounts of radionuclides from Hanford have been detected in the offsite environment.     

市场经济形势下环境监测工作的思考

本文探讨了目前环境监测管理体系存在的问题,环境监测走向市场的条件以及现在加强环境监测的重要性。     

德阳市全域环境监测网络现状及建设思考

经过近30年的发展,德阳市已经初步形成了环境质量、重点污染源、应急监测等环境监测网络。通过对德阳市环境监测网络现状进行分析,总结存在的问题和不足。按照适度超前,分步实施的思路,从建立和完善环境质量监测网络、污染源自动监测网络、环境应急监测网络、农村环境监测网络、环境监测信息网络5个方面对德阳市全域监测网络建设进行论述,并结合德阳市经济社会发展水平和工业布局,对如何提高监测网络运行效率,形成区域监测合力提出有针对性的建议。     

环境监测报告审核应注意的问题

本文从环境监测质量保证的角度出发,提出了环境监测报告的审核应注意其完整性,准确性、相关性及文字说明部分等方面的问题。     

对环境监测实验室实施质量监督的思考

环境监测质量监督是保证环境监测工作质量的重要环节,文章剖析了影响质量监督工作质量的5个因素,提出应从质量监督员的选择、配置和培训、做好文件化规定、提高质量监督工作的计划性、规范质量监督记录、注重质量监督工作效果评价几个方面,强化监督工作的实施,提升质量监督的作用.     

浅议环境监测档案的建立和运用

通过分析目前环境监测站监测档案建立和运用中存在的问题,探讨了档案的建立方法及在环境监测和环境管理中的运用。     

环境监测数据管理系统简介--以湖南省为例

介绍了适合地市级环境监测站的数据管理系统,系统的技术路线,技术特征和主要功能。该系统提高了数据管理水平和效率。为实现环境监测数据信息的电脑化管理、质量保证提供了保障,同时为推进环境监测数据管理工作的规范化和标准化提供了有效的现代化手段。     

县级环境监测站质量保证工作的讨论

本文根据县级环境监测站的实际情况,从外部和内部两方面因素出发,讨论了开展质量保证工作的具体作法。     

Detection and decision-making in environmental effects monitoring

The majority of environmental effects monitoring (EEM) frameworks that have been proposed compare selected indicator variables as a means of assessing whether significant changes in stressed ecosystems have occurred. Most are deterministic in nature and do not appropriately account for the natural variability and dynamics within the systems being comapred. This suggests that the comparative procedures should be statistically based and immediately raises the issue of whether the selected comparative procedures are to be used as decision-making tools or conclusive procedures. Conclusive procedures require a significant body of evidence before rejecting the postulated null hypothesis. The costs and time involved in environmental data collection accordingly bias action toward the maintenance of a status quo approach to environmental management. if, however, EEM is treated as a decision-making procedure, risk functions that include consideration of type I and II statistical error may be developed and combined with costs to select a minimum expected loss strategy for environemental management. Examples of the interpretative difficulties and conclusion reversal phenomena caused when EEM is used as a conclusive procedure are presented. In addition, risk functions appropriate for environmental management within an EEM context are constructed and applied. Only when such tools are fully developed and applied can EEM expect to have significant impacts on minimizing environmental degradation.     

Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: a conceptual framework

Direct biological monitoring is essential for effective assessment efforts. Past approaches to biomonitoring are too simplistic (for example, toxicity testing, indicator species) or conceptually invalid (diversity indexes). Assessments that use ecological guilds use ecological principles in a more integrative fashion. The best long-term approach is development of suites of metrics, like those used in the index of biotic integrity (IBI), to reflect individual, population, community, and ecosystem attributes in an integrative framework. Efforts to use the conceptual content of IBI in a wider diversity of habitats should be encouraged and followed up with effective control actions.     

环境监测自动处理系统软件设计

环境监测是环境管理的基础性工作，随着环境管理工作日趋法制化、规范化和定量化，开发环境监测业务处理系统软件十分必要。本文在分析环监业务的现状和要求的基础上，结合计算机技术、OA技术，提出了一种环监业务自动化办公系统的设计思想，并分析了其功能需要。     

浅谈行业环境监测站的任务与作用

我国环境问题日趋严重，环境污染和生态破坏已成为社会发展的制约因素。然而，有些企业忽视环境保护工作，取消或合并环境监测站，削弱环境监测力量。针对这种情况，从行业环境监测站的任务、作用和不可取代性方面阐述了强化行业环境监测站建设的必要性。     

Understanding Fish Behavior,Distribution, and Survival in Thermal Effluents Using Fixed Telemetry Arrays: A Case Study of Smallmouth Bass in a Discharge Canal During Winter

Advances in telemetry have facilitated the continuous monitoring of fish position and movement. At present, there are few examples where this approach has been applied to environmental monitoring or assessment. Here we 1) present a case study that used a fixed antenna array and continuously scanning coded receiving system to monitor the movement of radio-tagged smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in a thermal discharge canal on Lake Erie during the winter of 1998/1999, and 2) evaluate the use of fixed telemetry arrays for environmental monitoring. Although the number of radiotagged bass in the canal decreased gradually over time, fish spent the majority of the winter in the canal. When in the canal, bass selected areas upstream of the tempering pumps where water was the warmest. This region was also high in habitat complexity, had adequate velocity refuges, and abundant forage. Despite residing in the thermal effluent throughout the winter, none of the fish monitored were observed to participate in reproductive activities in the canal in the Spring. Interestingly, during a biofouling chlorination pulse in May, 50% of radiotagged fish still residing in the canal left and did not return during the monitoring period. Utility infrastructure accessible to fish, including thermal effluents, should be considered as fish habitat and managed accordingly to minimize mortality and sublethal effects on resident and transient fish. Fixed telemetry arrays that permit the continuous monitoring of fish behavior as described in this paper are widely applicable to many issues in environmental management, monitoring, and conservation.     

国家实验室认可与环境监测

《全国环境监测条例》（征求意见稿）及《全国环境监测工作“十五”计划纲要》（讨论稿）以及《水和废水监测分析方法》（第四版）中均提出在全国环境监测系统内实行实验室认可。我国进入WTO后,形势也要求各检测机构必须进行实验室认可后,方能进入市场化的国际、国内检测市场。本文介绍了我国加入WTO后,各检测机构、环境监测站所面临的机遇及挑战,介绍了 认可对检测机构的重要性和必要性,并对实验室认可的评审步骤、评审内容进行了简单的介绍。     

浅谈遥感技术在大气监测中的应用

碳的氧化物、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物和臭氧等是人类在生产活动和社会活动产生中的主要的环境污染物,它们威胁着人类的生存环境和地球上的生态平衡。因此,对它们进行实时监测和综合治理显得非常重要。文章介绍了遥感(RS)技术,重点介绍遥感技术在大气环境监测中的应用。     

环境监测实验室常见污染及控制措施

本文分析了环境监测过程中实验室常见污染排放物。从采样、分析监测过程中如何减少实验室污染进行了探讨,并提出对策建议。     

Monitoring the progress of attempts to reduce nutrient load and inputs of certain compounds in the north sea by 50%

During the winter period an inverse linear relation is found between the concentration of dissolved nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and salinity in the Dutch coastal zone. This indicates a conservative behavior of these compounds from the river, through the estuary to the sea. During summer this relation is much more scattered because of biological processes. The physical and statistical properties of the relationship between salinity and the concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen are used to calculate when, where, and how many samples have to be taken in order to monitor a reduction of a compound accurately. It appeared that at any given salinity in the estuary and in the sea, the winter period is the most suitable season to detect a reduction of a given dissolved compound. The higher the salinity in the estuary, the more samples are required to prove the reduction significantly. A reduction of only 10% cannot even be demonstrated by field measurements during summer at salinities above 25. It is concluded that one cruise from the river to the sea, covering the salinities from 0 to 35 during the winter period, aimed at establishing the relationship between the concentration and salinity by taking samples at a salinity interval of for instance 1%, is sufficient to monitor a wide-ranging reduction of 10%–50% in both the fresh water and marine water. This program must be combined with a sampling at a salinity of 0, directed to determine the riverine temporal variability.     

加强省级环境监测站建设与改革的思考

本文阐述了省级环境监测中心站在整个国家环境监测网络中的重要地位和作用。回顾了我省环境监测中心站这些年来的工作，当前存在的困难和问题，以及如何对我省环境监测中心站进行体制改革的思考。