徐庄煤矿主要通风机性能测定及分析研究

系统介绍矿井主要通风机的测试过程及相关方法,并以徐庄煤矿的风机测定为例,应用合理的测试及计算方法,进行相关参数的计算并绘制风机性能曲线图;同时,对主通风机出厂曲线和风机初始安装性能曲线进行对比,得出徐庄煤矿主要通风机的运行变化规律,为保证其安全高效运行和风量调节提供可靠的理论依据。对测定结果进行总结、对比和分析的同时,还提出应注意的问题。     

基于最小一乘准则求解矿井通风机性能曲线

在处理矿井通风机实测数据时,传统的拟合算法很难得到最佳的拟合曲线,曲线精度不高,难以反映实际情况。针对这一问题,提出了最小一乘法求解矿井通风机性能曲线,以零偏差点个数、零偏差点比率、总偏差、平均偏差和偏差率作为评估拟合通风机性能曲线的精度指标。通过对现场实测通风机数据进行三次多项式拟合,结果表明:最小一乘法拟合的曲线方程出现了多个零偏差点,减少了异常点对曲线方程的影响,具有更高的精度。     

钱家营矿主要通风机性能测定实践研究

结合前人的经验 ,根据钱家营矿的实际情况 ,科学制定了主要通风机性能测定方案 ,尤其对西风井的特殊情况进行了大胆实践 ,以周密的安全措施为保障 ,在安全、可靠的前提下 ,采用了独特的测试手段 ,获得了满意的测定结果 ,丰富了主要通风机性能测定的内容和方法     

基于管网外声场的区间隧道串联通风机调节反演

明确串联风机调节依据，可有效提高通风排烟系统的通风效率。围绕该问题，依托缩尺寸过海地铁区间隧道通风试验平台，以串联通风机组为试验对象，确定了串联风机组的9种工况，测定了声压级、电功消耗和风量。通过噪声源频谱分析而发现，100～300 Hz的宽频噪声对通风机组噪声贡献大，近风井端风机和远风井端通风机对各阶谐波影响不同；基频出现叠加现象，并且该基频主要受近风井端通风机的影响。最终，基于噪声场反演，提出减噪降耗的调节方法，即近风井端通风机转速不低于远风井端通风机转速。     

祁南煤矿通风系统分析与优化

笔者在祁南煤矿通风技术测定的基础上 ,对该矿井通风系统的稳定性、通风阻力分布情况和主要通风机工作性能进行了详细分析。根据该矿井生产实际和计算机模拟结果 ,指出祁南煤矿通风系统优化的首要任务是在中央风井系统迅速果断地采取有效的降阻措施 ,以实现主要通风机的安全稳定运行。并从相对长远的观点考虑 ,对通风系统优化的总体规划和实施方案作了必要的分析。     

G4-73型通风机应用性能缺陷与改造

投入运行不久的G4—73一11№25D主要通风机，发现其性能有重大缺陷，实际性能只有理论性能的37％～25％，严重制约着矿井生产发展，被迫进行一系列改造实践。其中，改造风机进风口衔接方式，性能提高8％～10％；更换配套电机，提高转速，性能提高20％左右。     

抽出式通风机数量对地铁区间隧道通风排烟能力影响的实验研究*

为量化抽出式通风机及其数量对排烟道与行车道内流量分配的影响,提出1个新的量化指标——通风排烟系统性能系数,即为抽出式与压入式通风机组合功耗与排烟体积流量的比值。为确立通风排烟系统性能系数,依托某过海区间隧道,搭建隧道通风排烟模型实验系统,测定排烟道与行车道所构成的风道内流动参数。结果表明:以吊顶排烟口为镜像面,行车道静压对称分布;对于行车道速度而言,双压二抽表现为对称分布,双压一抽为近对称,双压零抽为偏置分布;偏置分布的排烟道速度出现在双压一抽中,近对称属于双压零抽,对称显现于双压二抽。将数据进行分析计算后可知,性能系数最低的是双压零抽两通风机组合。     

新型钢结构法兰节点不同加强环板的数值模拟研究

设计制作了一种采用高强螺栓连接的新型法兰外环板式节点试件,在低周往复加载试验研究中,直角型加强环板转角处存在应力集中现象。以该试验为基础,通过大型有限元软件ABAQUS对试件进行数值模拟,将模拟与试验所得到的破坏机制、滞回曲线和骨架曲线的结果进行了对比验证,证明了ABAQUS模型的可靠性。为避免上述直角型加强环板中存在的应力集中现象,将模型中加强环板转角构造形式改为圆弧型,比较了不同形式下的节点破坏模式以及滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性性能、耗能能力、刚度退化等抗震性能参数,结果表明：圆弧型转角形式能够较好地避免节点直角型加强环板转角处的应力集中且提升了抗震性能。数值模拟研究为该新型法兰外环板式节点的深入研究与工程应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

ZDL型中低压离心通风机系列消声器

武汉通风机消声器研究所、机械工业部设计研究总院、中国建筑科学研究院物理研究所共同协作,研制成功ZDL型中低压离心通风机系列消声器。 这种系列消声器为阻性片式系列消声器,系根据中低压离心通风机流量范围大、机号庞杂、压头低、在低频噪声范围内占有多种频道等特点设计的。经过样机研制及性能测试,消声器的性能与元件试验基本一致,达到设计要求。该消声器共有16个型号,消声片分三种片型,采用换片结构,能够组合成5种不同长度、130多种不同规格,能满足1.000～350,000米2/时流量范围。 前不久,机械工业部通用局委托有关部门对这种系列消…     

某矿井通风系统优化及其可视化模型的构建

某大型铜矿山通风系统复杂,井下环境恶劣,严重影响了井下安全生产。为此,对该矿山的通风系统进行全面调查测定,总结矿山存在的实际问题,结合计算机模拟解算优化分析,通风网络结构优化分析、主要通风机性能鉴定优化分析等技术,对通风系统进行优化改造,提出了最优的通风系统改造方案。构建了矿井通风系统的可视化模型,此模型能够根据井下通风系统的变化及时更新,进而在第一时间反应井下通风系统存在的问题,维护通风系统的稳定,确保生产作业的安全。现场实施结果表明,有效地解决了井下深部风量不足,风流分配不合理等难题,确保了生产作业的安全。     

大空间火灾烟气流动的动态显示研究

讨论了火灾烟气流动过程的计算机动态模拟方法。利用Ｄｅｌｐｈｉ可视化编程工具,建立了一个融区域模拟计算和计算机动态显示于一体的火灾发展的模拟软件,并以中国科技大学的大空间建筑火灾实验厅为对象,对典型火灾羽流及烟气层的发展过程进行了动态显示。     

智能安全帽侧压试验机的研制及应用

智能安全帽侧压性能试验机采用电脑程序控制、伺服控制等技术,使安全帽侧压性能测试实现自动化操作,完全克服了人为因素对测试数据的影响,且读数直观,无需计算,操作便捷,在国内外同类设备中尚居首类。     

Influence of visual clutter on the effect of navigated safety inspection: a case study on elevator installation

Introduction. Navigated safety inspection based on task-specific checklists can increase the hazard detection rate, theoretically with interference from scene complexity. Visual clutter, a proxy of scene complexity, can theoretically impair visual search performance, but its impact on the effect of safety inspection performance remains to be explored for the optimization of navigated inspection. This research aims to explore whether the relationship between working memory and hazard detection rate is moderated by visual clutter. Methods. Based on a perceptive model of hazard detection, we: (a) developed a mathematical influence model for construction hazard detection; (b) designed an experiment to observe the performance of hazard detection rate with adjusted working memory under different levels of visual clutter, while using an eye-tracking device to observe participants’ visual search processes; (c) utilized logistic regression to analyze the developed model under various visual clutter. Conclusion. The effect of a strengthened working memory on the detection rate through increased search efficiency is more apparent in high visual clutter. This study confirms the role of visual clutter in construction-navigated inspections, thus serving as a foundation for the optimization of inspection planning.     

视觉记忆型次任务对驾驶绩效及安全的影响

为研究视觉记忆型次任务对驾驶绩效及安全的影响,采用对未知内容的记忆任务和对已知内容的再认任务分别表征工作记忆和长时记忆过程,构建多组不同难度的次任务,基于标准换道试验环境LCT进行双任务研究。提取并分析驾驶人执行不同任务时车道保持、换道控制等指标的差异以及次任务绩效,基于主客观数据构建综合评判模型。结果表明:双任务驾驶条件下,车辆平均路径偏差、方向盘平均转向角、车道偏移次数指标增大,正确换道比例减小,感知负荷增大,总绩效下降。困难工作记忆组与简单工作记忆组相比,随着任务难度增大,换道控制绩效下降,感知负荷增大,总绩效下降36.1%;困难再认组与工作记忆组相比,车道保持绩效、换道控制绩效提高,感知负荷下降,总绩效提高50%;简单再认组与工作记忆组相比,总绩效变化不大;困难工作记忆组综合绩效最低。上述结果说明:随着次任务难度增大,总绩效下降,但将对未知内容的工作记忆过程转化为对已知内容的再认过程时,总绩效明显提升,这一特点在任务难度较大时更为显著。     

时间压力视角下人格特征与VDT视觉搜索绩效的关系及形成机理*

为合理选拔和培训特定情境下的视觉搜索安检人员,从时间压力视角分析大五人格特征与视觉显示终端（visual display terminal,VDT）的视觉搜索绩效的关系。通过变量分析和设计,提出VDT视觉搜索绩效影响因素理论模型;运用Visual Studio设计实验模拟视觉搜索安检任务,采集绩效及眼动数据;最后进行有中介的调节模型检验。研究结果表明:不同人格特征的VDT视觉搜索绩效存在差异;所有人格特征的搜索策略随机指数随时间压力的增加而降低,但调整强度在不同人格特征之间存在差异,严谨性人格调整幅度最大;时间压力通过搜索策略的中介作用（部分）间接调节人格特征与VDT视觉搜索绩效的关系;较高和较低时间压力下,严谨性人格通过有效的搜索策略调整,绩效最好;中等时间压力下,开放性人格的绩效最好。研究结果可为视觉搜索作业人员的选拔和培训提供理论依据。     

The INDICATE safety program: evaluation of a method to proactively improve airline safety performance

A number of recent and highly publicised fatal aircraft accidents, within the Australian regional airline industry, has highlighted the need for operators of regular public transport aircraft to be more proactive in identifying and addressing aviation safety hazards. Despite this need, there are currently few proactive safety management programs that are practical, simple, cost effective and which reliably demonstrate improvements in airline safety performance. This paper outlines a new proactive airline safety program called INDICATE (Identifying Needed Defences In the Civil Aviation Transport Environment) that has been applied within the Australian regional airline industry. To evaluate the INDICATE program, a major Australian regional airline agreed to implement the program in one of its operational bases while another base was used as a control group. Five evaluation criteria were applied to determine whether the program would have a positive influence on the airline's safety performance. These criteria included airline safety culture, staff risk perception of aviation safety hazards, willingness of staff to report safety hazards, action taken on identified safety hazards and staff comments about safety management within the airline. Results from the trial suggest that the program can have a positive influence on airline safety performance, specifically: improving staff confidence in how safety is managed, increasing staff willingness to report safety hazards and incidents, improving organisational safety culture and reducing staff perceptions of the severity and likelihood of safety hazards occurring within the airline. The success of the trial has resulted in a number of Australian and International airlines adopting the program.     

Integration of process safety engineering and fire protection engineering for better safety performance

Since the inception of the process industries, there have been a great number of process incidents causing significant loss of life and property damage. Even the establishment and implementation of a series of rigorous regulations has not prevented the occurrence of process incidents. In order to protect people, property and the environment a more robust safety program is needed and the safety performance of process industries must continue to improve. In this work, the common ground and the unique characteristics of process safety engineering (PSE) and fire protection engineering (FPE) is reviewed to demonstrate the potential benefits of unifying the two fields or improving the coordination between them to create a more robust safety program, thereby enhancing the safety performance of process industries. Recommendations are made to facilitate and encourage continued discussion and efforts toward the integration of process safety engineering and fire protection engineering.     

Occurrence of Serious Injury in Real-World Side Impacts of Vehicles with Good Side-Impact Protection Ratings

Objective: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) introduced its side impact consumer information test program in 2003. Since that time, side airbags and structural improvements have been implemented across the fleet and the proportion of good ratings has increased to 93% of 2012–2014 model year vehicles. Research has shown that drivers of good-rated vehicles are 70% less likely to die in a left-side crash than drivers of poor-rated vehicles. Despite these improvements, side impact fatalities accounted for about one quarter of passenger vehicle occupant fatalities in 2012. This study is a detailed analysis of real-world cases with serious injury resulting from side crashes of vehicles with good ratings in the IIHS side impact test.

Methods: NASS-CDS and Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) were queried for occupants of good-rated vehicles who sustained an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3 injury in a side-impact crash. The resulting 110 cases were categorized by impact configuration and other factors that contributed to injury. Patterns of impact configuration, restraint performance, and occupant injury were identified and discussed in the context of potential upgrades to the current IIHS side impact test.

Results: Three quarters of the injured occupants were involved in near-side impacts. For these occupants, the most common factors contributing to injury were crash severities greater than the IIHS test, inadequate side-airbag performance, and lack of side-airbag coverage for the injured body region. In the cases where an airbag was present but did not prevent the injury, occupants were often exposed to loading centered farther forward on the vehicle than in the IIHS test. Around 40% of the far-side occupants were injured from contact with the struck-side interior structure, and almost all of these cases were more severe than the IIHS test. The remaining far-side occupants were mostly elderly and sustained injury from the center console, instrument panel, or seat belt. In addition, many far-side occupants were likely out of position due to events preceding the side impact and/or being unbelted.

Conclusion: Individual changes to the IIHS side impact test have the potential to reduce the number of serious injuries in real-world crashes. These include impacting the vehicle farther forward (relevant to 28% of all cases studied), greater test severity (17%), the inclusion of far-side occupants (9%), and more restrictive injury criteria (9%). Combinations of these changes could be more effective.     

不同煤矿噪声暴露时间对视觉认知影响研究

噪声是煤矿井下主要危害,对人体视觉系统的影响不容忽视。为了提高暴露在噪声环境中工人的视觉认知能力,进而减少人因事故的发生,针对视觉认知随噪声暴露时间的变化进行研究,利用Eye Link II眼动仪采集被试者的平均注视时间、平均眼跳幅度和眼跳次数3个眼动指标来衡量视觉认知能力随着综采工作面噪声暴露时间的变化。结果表明:1)噪声能够使视觉注意力下降,对视觉认知效率的影响不显著,对视觉辨识能力的影响较复杂;2)噪声在0~10 min和40~55 min时间段对视觉注意力影响较严重,在0~15 min和50~80 min时间段对视觉辨识能力影响较严重;3)被试者随时间变化出现视觉性疲劳后,噪声可轻微提高视觉认知效率和视觉辨识能力。