工业过程爆炸事故模式及其破坏效应探讨

从工业生产中的介质类型出发,通过对内装固体的、液体的及气体的介质装置可能发生的爆炸事故和破坏效应进行分析预测,编制了相应的分析流程图。结果表明:无论从哪种介质进行分析,最终的爆炸事故模式只有凝聚相爆炸、气云爆炸、沸腾液体扩展蒸气云爆炸及各类形式的容器爆炸。简要分析了几种事故模式破坏效应的最佳计算模型和应用实例,证明了所做的分析预测和编制的流程图,可以很好地应用于判断事故模式中爆炸源性质及其破坏效应,是对爆源的一个定性分析方法,同时为爆炸能量计算的重要依据。工业过程爆炸事故模式及其破坏效应的研究对企业的安全生产及爆炸事故的预防具有一定的实用价值。     

开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压及灾害动力响应研究评述

为了进一步梳理和分析开敞空间可燃云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应方面的各项研究成果,推进可燃气体爆炸安全防控,减少人员伤亡和经济损失。在分析现有研究的基础上,总结开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应研究等方面存在的不足,提出开敞空间多元混合气体爆炸冲击波超压传播规律研究、多影响参数下可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律定量分析、基于可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压作用下的承载体动力响应等未来研究的关键技术问题。     

LNG槽车泄漏事故风险模拟研究

阐述了LNG槽车的危险特性,分析了LNG槽车发生泄漏后的事故危害过程,得出LNG槽车泄漏危害事故的模式主要有闪火、喷射火、蒸气云爆炸以及沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸;针对不同泄漏口面积和泄漏速度,利用风险评价软件模拟LNG槽车发生泄漏产生喷射火、蒸气云爆炸及沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸3种事故模式的后果,得出各种事故模式的危害半径。模拟结果可为LNG槽车事故预防和应急救援提供参考。     

苯储罐区消防安全设计评价研究

依据苯储罐区危险特性及超压引起火灾爆炸模式的特点,通过实例,对苯储罐区的危险特性及事故后果进行了分析,得出在外界环境温度不同的条件下所对应的火灾爆炸模式;依据规范,对其消防安全设计现状进行了分析和评价。针对苯储罐区在不同温度条件下引发的火灾爆炸灾害模式,利用冲击波超压伤害准则、TNT当量法、蒸气云爆炸模型、池火灾事故后果模型和碎片抛射模型,定量分析评估了储罐内部空间爆炸性混合物超压爆炸和因爆炸引发的蒸气云爆炸、池火灾的事故后果及碎片抛射事故后果。结果表明:苯储罐区发生蒸气云爆炸产生的危害最大,死亡半径、重伤半径及轻伤半径分别为90.72 m、159.16 m、308.38 m;其次是池火灾,死亡半径、重伤半径及轻伤半径分别为74.25 m、103.12 m、132.16 m;当储罐碎片抛射概率为0.001时,3种充装水平事故罐对应的距离分别为60 m、30 m、40m;给出了设置大流量固定式消防冷却水系统、点火源最小能量控制、提高储罐减压泄爆的能力、增加防火堤内固定灭火设施和拦网等应进一步加强的消防安全措施。     

可燃性粉尘数据库建设与应用

通过有效整合可燃粉尘危险性参数,采用数据库技术,建立和完善可燃粉尘火灾危险性数据库系统。该软件支持多模式检索、添加和删除可燃粉尘燃爆参数,包括粉尘云最低着火温度、最小点火能、爆炸下限、爆炸指数等7个参数,能够为消防科研工作和粉尘爆炸事故调查处理提供数据支撑和快速精准的数据检索手段。     

LNG长输管线泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故影响分析

由于腐蚀、自然灾害、人为破坏及管道本身缺陷等因素,输气管道发生泄漏事故概率较高,同时蒸汽云爆炸造成的后果最为严重.本文采用蒸汽云爆炸事故后果模拟分析法对LNG长输管道泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故影响进行模拟分析.     

LNG储罐泄漏扩散模拟分析

为预防液化天然气(LNG)储罐泄漏安全事故，利用PHAST软件，以湘潭新奥荷塘储配站的储罐为研究对象，探究不同泄漏孔径及风速2个条件对LNG蒸气云泄漏扩散距离及泄漏导致的喷射火与爆炸范围的影响机制。结果表明：蒸气云泄漏扩散距离、喷射火辐射影响半径及爆炸超压影响半径与泄漏孔径尺寸成正比，蒸气云泄漏扩散距离、爆炸超压影响半径与风速成反比。泄漏孔径为25 mm的泄漏场景，易燃易爆区临界距离、喷射火辐射死亡区半径、爆炸超压50 kPa对应超压半径分别是5 mm场景的10、7、8倍；泄漏孔径为100 mm的泄漏场景，易燃易爆临界距离、喷射火辐射死亡区半径、爆炸超压50 kPa对应超压半径分别是5 mm场景的37、21、33倍。     

圆柱形无约束气云爆炸高温效应研究

为了分析无约束可燃气云爆炸产生的高温伤害效应,建立了相应的数学模型,利用有限体积的离散方法,对无约束空间内甲烷浓度10％、高径比为1的圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的瞬态温度场进行了数值研究。研究结果表明,圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的温度场呈不对称性分布,靠近地面处足最危险区域,高温可能达到的最大怪直高度和最大水平距离分别约为圆柱体高的2倍和半径的3．2倍。对数值模拟结果的数据进行多项式拟合,得到了圆柱形可燃气云爆炸场最高温度随水平距离、初温及参与爆炸气云质量的函数关系式,给可燃气云爆炸灾害的预测及防护提供了科学依据。     

苯的蒸气云爆炸伤害分析

介绍了蒸气云爆炸事故机理以及4种方法研究蒸气云爆炸破坏力的影响范围,并根据TNT当量法和TNO建议,计算苯蒸气云燃烧爆炸冲击波的影响范围,即确定死亡半径、重伤半径、轻伤半径及财产损失半径,为企业和政府的应急救援提供帮助。     

不规则可燃气云爆炸威力预测方法研究

采用计算流体动力学（CFD ）方法,以实际球罐区甲烷泄漏扩散形成的不规则可燃气云为研究工况,探讨了不规则气云爆炸威力的模拟方法,并对比了实际形状可燃气云、最大直径球可燃气云、重心高度球可燃气云、等体积球可燃气云以及采用 TNT 当量法计算得到的气云爆炸超压值。结果表明,TNT 当量法计算结果过于保守。等体积球、重心高度球、最大直径球与实际形状气云爆炸超压偏差分别为-13．9％、-17．2％、52．3％。采用等体积球法估算不规则可燃气云爆炸威力较为便捷,且精度较高。     

Major accidents in process industries and an analysis of causes and consequences

This paper briefly recapitulates some of the major accidents in chemical process industries which occurred during 1926–1997. These case studies have been analysed with a view to understand the damage potential of various types of accidents, and the common causes or errors which have led to disasters. An analysis of different types of accidental events such as fire, explosion and toxic release has also been done to assess the damage potential of such events. It is revealed that vapour cloud explosion (VCE) poses the greatest risk of damage. The study highlights the need for risk assessment in chemical process industries.     

An integrated quantitative hazard analysis method for natural gas jet release from underground gas storage caverns in salt rock. I: Models and validation

It is very important and necessary to perform quantitative hazard analysis for possible accidental leakage from an underground gas storage cavern in salt rock. An integrated quantitative hazard analysis method for natural gas jet release from salt caverns is presented in this paper, which was constituted by a revised model for gas leakage rate calculation, a consequence analysis and a model of probability assessment for harm. The presented method was validated by comparing the analytical results with the data collected from the real accidents (including the leakage, jet fire, fireball and vapor cloud explosion). It is indicated that the proposed method was more accurate than the TNT equivalence method for vapor cloud explosion and gave more reasonable results when applied to the consequence analysis for the thermal radiation from jet fire and fireball.     

The multi-energy critical separation distance

Devastating vapour cloud explosions can only develop under appropriate (boundary) conditions. The record of vapour cloud explosion incidents from the past demonstrates that these conditions are readily met by the congestion by process equipment at (petro-) chemical plant sites. Therefore, the possibility of an accidental release of a flammable and a subsequent vapour cloud explosion is a major hazardous scenario considered in any risk assessment with regard to the process industries.If an extended flammable vapour cloud at a chemical plant site extends over more than one process unit, which are separated by lanes of sufficient width, the vapour cloud explosion on ignition develops the same number of separate blasts. If, on the other hand, the separation between the units is insufficient, the vapour cloud explosion develops one big blast. The critical separation distance (SD) is the criterion that allows discriminating in this matter for blast modelling purposes.This paper summarises some major results of an experimental research programme with the objective to develop practical guidelines with regard to the critical SD. To this end, a series of small-scale explosion experiments have been performed with vapour clouds containing two separate configurations of obstacles. Blast overpressures at various stations around have been recorded while the SD between the two configurations of obstacles was varied.The experimental programme resulted in some clear indications for the extent of the critical SD between separate areas of congestion. On the basis of safety and conservatism, these indications have been rendered into a concrete guideline. Application of this guideline would allow a greater accuracy in the modelling of blast from vapour cloud explosions.     

大型油罐火灾爆炸危害范围研究

针对大型油罐火灾爆炸对人员伤亡危害范围的问题,采用PHAST软件模拟定量分析了外部环境（风速、大气稳定度、空气湿度）、初始条件（泄漏点离地高度、泄漏孔直径）和其他因素（防火堤面积）对火灾爆炸伤亡半径的影响,根据模拟结果拟合了外部环境和初始条件与池火灾和蒸气云爆炸危害范围的关系式。结果表明:在相同条件下,软件模拟与实验结果误差较小,该研究具有可信性;池火灾危害范围随风速、泄漏点离地高度、泄漏孔当量直径和防火堤面积的增加而增加,而与大气稳定度的关系不大;蒸气云爆炸危害范围随风速的增加而降低,随大气稳定度和泄漏孔当量直径的增加而增加,而与泄漏点离地高度和空气湿度影响不大;拟合得到的外部环境和初始条件与池火灾和蒸气云爆炸危害范围的关系式可为大型油罐火灾爆炸事故中相关作业人员的应急撤离提供决策参考。     

有毒有害蒸气云扩散的危害估算

因事故排放形成的有毒有害蒸气云,有可能造成爆炸、火灾、中毒等危害后果,但危害后果的大小(危害程度),则与事故造成危害的时刻(延迟时间)有关。笔者在以往研究成果基础上,考虑该因素,并通过引入正态分布假设,时、空变换及误差分析,给出了估算危害程度(特别是延迟爆炸危害)的有效而简便方法,补充了以往危害估算方法(不考虑延迟时间)的不足,提高了危害后果估算精度,可广泛应用于生产安全评价、环境风险评价、风险工程设计、事故应急预案、事故应急救援等工作领域,对于保障环境安全具有显著的科学价值与现实意义。     

悬浮法氯乙烯聚合工艺的风险分析及安全技术

悬浮法聚合氯乙烯生产过程的主要风险是氯乙烯的"暴聚"事故和氯乙烯泄漏事故.聚合反应散热不足,温度过高导致"暴聚"事故.易燃易爆有毒的氯乙烯泄漏可能引发氯乙烯蒸汽云爆炸和火球(BLEVE)事故.以某PVC化工厂氯乙烯聚合釜生产为例,定量计算氯乙烯小孔泄漏量、蒸汽云及BLEVE火球的事故伤害与破坏后果.提出避免导致"暴聚"事故3种安全技术措施:良好的聚合釜反应散热降温;足够的搅拌强度和防止"粘釜"等.防止引发氯乙烯泄漏的3种途径为反应釜轴封、超压泄压时跑料和压力容器及管道的防泄漏技术.     

Acoustic analysis of blast waves produced by rapid phase transition of LNG released on water

Massive offshore and onshore storage of fuel have led the international community to raise questions about the hazards on the surrounding installations and people. Among the possible accidental scenarios when cryogenic gas as liquefied natural gas (LNG) is spilled on water at a very fast rate, the phenomenon of rapid phase transition (RPT) may occur: large amounts of energy are released during phase transition which can generate explosions. The related consequences should be added to the possible consequences of fire in terms of flash fire, fireball, pool fire, and vapour cloud explosion for confined and congested geometry surrounding the release point.In this paper, the analysis of RPT of LNG has been studied from the point of view of blast wave production, through ab initio acoustic analysis for monopole source. Maximum overpressures, as calculated at the source point and along the blast pathway are compared with results of large scale experiments. Safety distances are given for the sake of comparison with threshold distances reported in the open literature.     

氨分解装置中液氨储罐火灾爆炸危险性分析

以某金属处理企业氨分解装置中液氨储罐罐区为例,对液氨泄漏后火灾爆炸事故及其伤害范围进行了研究,用池火、蒸气云爆炸和沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸模型进行计算分析,给出火灾、爆炸事故的人员伤害和财产损失范围。结果表明:围堤堤内池火或罐内池火时,罐区建构筑物内的汽化器、管道等设备会因直接过火或热辐射导致损坏,建筑内人员死亡,但难以波及罐区之外;蒸气云爆炸产生相当于1192.72kgTNT爆炸的当量,爆炸的后果严重,应重点防范,防范的重点为液氨泄漏、点火源;沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸的火球半径56.1m,持续时间8.7s,死亡半径27.2m,其源于储罐受热或系统突然失效,液体瞬时泄漏汽化并遇点火源而发生,具有突发性且后果严重,企业应高度重视并严格储罐及系统的定期检验与校验、密切关注系统的有效运行。     

Wire-mesh inhibition of jet fire induced by explosion venting

Explosion venting is widely applied in industrial explosion-proof designs due to the convenient, economical and practical features of this method. Natural gas is usually stored in storage tanks. If the gas in the vessel is mixed with air and encounters an ignition source, explosion venting might occur, producing jet fire, generating new secondary derivative accidents and causing casualties and property losses. In this paper, a set of test platforms including wire-mesh suppression devices is established to study the inhibition of jet fire induced by explosion venting by wire mesh. The experimental research shows that a wire mesh significantly inhibits the jet fire induced by explosion venting. The flame propagation velocity and pressure clearly decrease with increasing numbers of wire-mesh layers. The wire-mesh structure significantly affects the flame propagation, and the more layers of mesh there are, the better the suppression effect is. The flame temperature gradually decreases with the addition of the wire mesh. The mesh size significantly affects the pressure propagation of explosion venting. The explosion pressure gradually decreases with the addition of the wire mesh. With increasing distance between the wire mesh and the explosion vent, the maximum temperature first increases and then decreases, and the maximum explosion pressure first decreases and then increases. In the case of single gas cloud, the flame suppression effect is the most obvious when the wire mesh is 0.2 m away from the explosion vent. In the case of double gas clouds, the flame suppression effect is the most significant when the distance between the wire mesh and the first gas cloud is 0.4 m.     

Analysis of the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of a liquefied natural gas road tanker: The Zarzalico accident

The road accident of a tanker transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) originated a fire and, finally, the BLEVE of the tank. This accident has been analyzed, both from the point of view of the emergency management and the explosion and fireball effects. The accidental sequence is described: fire, LNG release, further safety valves release, flames impingement on vessel unprotected wall, vessel failure mode, explosion and fireball. According to the effects and consequences observed, the thermal radiation and overpressure are estimated; a mathematical model is applied to calculate the probable mass contained in the vessel at the moment of the explosion. The peak overpressure predicted from two models is compared with the values inferred from the accident observed data. The emergency management is commented.