水系灭火剂的灭火性能对比分析研究

水是扑救A类火灾最常用的灭火剂,但水也存在流动易损失等不足,通过改变水的物理及化学性能可以提高水的灭火效率.试验表明强化水灭火效果和抗燃效果均优于水,但优势有限且价格较高;润湿水灭火及抗燃趋势均不明显,但良好的润湿渗透作用使其在扑救塑料类等火灾中发挥出明显的优势;粘性水因提高了水的粘度,增加了固水和封堵作用使其在抗燃方面具有显著的优势,其中的无机硅凝胶对堆垛或自燃类火灾的防、灭火效果最好,但高分子水胶体会因添加量小、无腐蚀性等优点替代无机硅凝胶用于煤矿井下火灾的预防和控制.     

FHS型稠化胶体灭火剂失重率及阻化抗燃性研究

本文通过对FHS型稠化胶体灭火剂和几种典型水系灭火剂的性能比较,探讨FHS型稠化胶体灭火剂的特点;通过对其失重率、阻化性及灭火实验的抗燃性的实验研究,表明了FHS型稠化胶体灭火剂在一般固体火灾中的优越性,预示了FHS型稠化胶体灭火剂在固体火灾中的应用前景.     

泡沫灭火剂对车用汽油油盘火的灭火性能研究

汽油易挥发且闪点低,火灾危险性极大,且理化性能与标准燃料存在较大差异,有必要评估当前市售泡沫灭火剂对汽油的灭火性能。通过4.52 m 2油盘火试验,对水成膜泡沫灭火剂、抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂、氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂及抗溶氟蛋白泡沫灭火剂的灭火性能进行评估研究,并与标准燃料油盘火进行对比,结果表明抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂对车用汽油火的灭火效能最佳,石化企业和消防救援队伍在处置汽油火灾时应优先考虑使用抗溶水成膜泡沫灭火剂。此外,车用汽油比标准燃料的灭火难度更大,石化企业可适当提高固定泡沫灭火系统的设防标准。     

粘性水灭火剂性能试验及灭火机理研究

水是常用灭火剂 ,但流失严重 ,灭火效率不高。在水中加入添加剂 ,提高水在固体表面的粘附性 ,减少流失 ,可显著提高灭火速度。笔者提出了应具有屈服假塑性流体特性的粘性水灭火剂 ,能在物体表面形成稳定的覆盖层 ,并具有较低的输送阻力。在水中加入 0 .4 %的KD - 1型添加剂 ,制成的粘性水灭火剂就具有上述的流体力学特性 ,该粘性水可在固体表面形成 1～ 5mm的稳定覆盖层。在木材火灾灭火试验中 ,粘性水的灭火时间是水灭火的 1/ 4。笔者还研讨了粘性水灭火剂的灭火机理 ,并指出该灭火剂适用的范围和开发前景。     

固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂的改性研究

固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂作为一种新型灭火剂具有优越的抑制火灾的性能,但其应用和推广的关键在于降低灭火气溶胶形成时的温度.本文利用TG方法分析了灭火剂的热分解过程,并通过测定固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂的释放速度、释放区温度分布及灭火性能,研究了固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂的降温消焰技术.同时对气溶胶的成分和固体粒子粒度分布进行了分析.     

表面隔油膜对轻质固体来火剂隔热性能的影响

通过对自行研制的轻质固体灭火剂隔热性能的测试，研究了表面隔油膜对隔热性能的影响。发现表面膜的存在在一定程度上降低了灭火剂的隔热性能，但一定厚度的灭火剂的隔热性能满足隔热灭火的需要。     

哈龙替代气体灭火剂的综合性能分析及应用

随着哈龙灭火剂的淘汰,逐步开发出了多种哈龙替代气体灭火剂.如何选择既经济环保,又与保护目标相适应的灭火剂成为每个设计人员和每个工程必须面对的问题.本文通过对目前常用的二氧化碳(CO2)、七氟丙烷(FM-200)、烟烙尽(IG-541)、气溶胶等四种哈龙替代气体灭火剂各项性能综合分析,对灭火系统进行了对比,讨论了气体灭火系统的适用场所及应用,使我们对它们有一个较全面的认识,为气体灭火系统的选用和设计提供一些参考.     

增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂制备及性能表征

针对变电站场景火灾特点,使用多种表面活性剂复配,形成1种增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂.对产品的表面张力、泡沫性能、体系粘度、流变性能和灭火性能进行了表征,结果表明:增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂经3％比例稀释后,泡沫溶液粘度增加且呈现剪切变稀的流变行为;增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂具有发泡倍率高、泡沫稳定性好的特点,能够快速熄灭B类火灾.     

二元表面活性剂复配对水成膜灭火剂性能影响

由于含氟表面活性剂具有较长的氟碳链,难以降解,实验采用两种不含氟的碳氢表面活性剂复配,同时也添加3种辅助添加剂,配置出3%型水成膜泡沫灭火剂,并对其性能进行测试,结果表明:新配制出的水成膜泡沫灭火剂表面张力降低到了20.85 mN/m、发泡倍数达到了6.4倍,25%析液时间为4.1 min、在丙酮上的稳泡时间为5.8 min、灭火时间为0.18 min,各项性能指标均能达到国家标准,是一种环境友好型的水成膜泡沫灭火剂。     

高分子水凝胶灭火剂黏附性改进与应用研究

为提升水系灭火剂的灭火效率,设计实验室测试方法并搭建实物模型,研究高分子水凝胶灭火剂的应用性能。首先,分析高分子水凝胶灭火剂的保水性、黏附性等基础性能;然后,在水凝胶灭火剂中添加5大类24种添加剂,在实验室分别测试其性能,并与原灭火剂做对比,筛选出黏附性、耐高温性最佳的添加剂;最后,搭建实物模型,验证改进后的水凝胶灭火剂的性能。结果表明:凹凸棒土对水凝胶灭火剂的黏附性和耐高温性的提升效果最佳;添加凹凸棒土的改进灭火剂能降低罐壁峰值温度,并延迟罐壁达到峰值温度的时间,对相邻罐的冷却效果良好。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。