Uptake and concentration of heavy metals in dominant mangrove species from Hainan Island,South China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - By investigating three dominant mangrove species, namely Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel, Ceriops tagal and their rhizosediment in Mangrove wetlands...     

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in sediment of Lake Ulansuhai,China

Sediment samples were collected from 10 sites in Lake Ulansuhai during summer and winter 2009 to reveal seasonal variations in sediment heavy metal levels. The geoaccumulation index (GI) was calculated to assess the severity of metal pollution. The GI values suggest that, in winter, the lake sediments were polluted slightly with Cu (GI=0.66–1.34), Zn (GI=0.59–1.35), Cr (GI=0.49–0.82) and Pb (GI=0.60–0.96), and moderately with Cd (GI=1.03–4.23). The degree of pollution was higher in winter than in summer. By contrast, the degree of pollution was higher in summer than in winter for Hg and As. Correlation analysis can be used to identify factors influencing seasonal variations in heavy metals. The concetrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd were negatively correlated with water temperature and hydrodynamic conditions, but positively correlated with organic matter concentration in the sediments and with a sediment particle size of<63 μm (p<0.01). Meanwhile, Hg and As concentrations were affected by redox state and salinity. Among the metals tested, Hg and Cd posed a more serious pollution risk.     

Influence of temperature on the heavy metals accumulation of five vegetable species in semiarid area of northwest China

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of temperature on cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) accumulation in five vegetable species collected at different sites (Shuichuan, Beiwan, Dongwan and Wufe) in northwest China. The meteorological data of air and soil temperatures were recorded daily during the period from sowing to harvest for the five vegetables. The air and soil temperatures affected the capacity of pumpkin, cabbage, brassica napus and Chinese cabbage to accumulate Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. Principal component analysis showed that temperature, photosynthetic and physiological factors all contributed to the soil–plant transfer properties of DTPA-extractable heavy metals. Temperature played a more important role in Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn accumulation in four vegetables in this semiarid area. However, the enormous surface area of spinach was likely to elevate heavy metal loads owing to atmospheric deposits. For most vegetables studied, there was a striking dissimilarity in the uptake and translocation ability of Cd, Zn and Cu in soil, but similar accumulation to translocation for Pb in soil.     

海平面上升对珠江口水位影响的分析

珠江三角洲水位变化存在着大量不确定性、不精确性,这些特性既具有模糊特征,也具有灰色特征。在分析珠江三角洲灯笼山站年平均水位的变化特征和闸坡站海平面变化趋势的基础上,利用灰关联法分析代表站灯笼山站年平均水位与流量、海平面、潮差等8个因素的关系,年平均水位与影响因素之间的灰关联度均大于0.7,说明各因子对年平均水位均产生显著影响,其中海平面变化与年平均水位的灰关联度为0.736,说明海平面变化是年平均水位的重要影响因素。选取灰关联度较大的（马＋三）流量、闸坡站海平面、灯笼山站的年最高水位、年最低水位、年平均低潮、年平均潮差这6个指标进行主成分分析。结果表明：第一主成分为径流潮汐作用,第二主成分的代表因素为海平面上升,第三主成分的代表因素为年最高水位;其中海平面上升为代表的第二主成分对年平均水位的贡献率为20.1%。因此,海平面上升对灯笼山站年平均水位的影响虽然弱于径流潮汐作用,但其影响也是显著的。     

Biotic contexts alter metal sequestration and AMF effects on plant growth in soils polluted with heavy metals

Investigating how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-plant interactions vary with edaphic conditions provides an opportunity to test the context-dependency of interspecific interactions. The relationship between AMF and their host plants in the context of other soil microbes was studied along a gradient of heavy metal contamination originating at the site of zinc smelters that operated for a century. The site is currently under restoration. Native C3 grasses have reestablished, and C4 grasses native to the region but not the site were introduced. Interactions involving the native mycorrhizal fungi, non-mycorrhizal soil microbes, soil, one C3 grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), and one C4 grass (Sorghastrum nutans) were investigated using soils from the two extremes of the contamination gradient in a full factorial greenhouse experiment. After 12 weeks, plant biomass and root colonization by AMF and non-mycorrhizal microbes were measured. Plants from both species grew much larger in soil from low-contaminated (LC) origin than high-contaminated (HC) origin. For S. nutans, the addition of a non-AMF soil microbial wash of either origin increased the efficacy of AMF from LC soils but decreased the efficacy of AMF from HC soils in promoting plant growth. Furthermore, there was high mortality of S. nutans in HC soil, where plants with AMF from HC died sooner. For D. flexuosa, plant biomass did not vary with AMF source or the microbial wash treatment or their interaction. While AMF origin did not affect root colonization of D. flexuosa by AMF, the presence and origin of AMF did affect the number of non-mycorrhizal (NMF) morphotypes and NMF root colonization. Adding non-AMF soil biota reduced Zn concentrations in shoots of D. flexuosa. Thus the non-AMF biotic context affected heavy metal sequestration and associated NMF in D. flexuosa, and it interacted with AMF to affect plant biomass in S. nutans. Our results should be useful for improving our basic ecological understanding of the context-dependency of plant-soil interactions and are potentially important in restoration of heavy-metal-contaminated sites.     

Distribution,removal and chemical forms of heavy metals in polluted rice seed

In this paper, the distribution, removal and binding forms of heavy metals in polluted seeds of rice were studied using the methods of histochemistry and biochemistry. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in rice grains was very uneven. The heavy metals in rice grains chiefly exist in association with the parts of high protein. Separation of proteins by Sephadex chromatography and subsequent analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cd, Pb and As were mainly bound to protein of 54.5 and 5.50 kD molecular weights. During the rice processing, the concentrations of heavy metals in the edible rice decrease greatly, for some heavy metals in these parts of chaff, coarse rice bran and fine rice bran were removed.     

东江流域底泥重金属分析及潜在环境生态风险

对东江流域不同江段水环境的重金属底泥及底泥浸出液中铅、锌、铜、镉、铬、镍等重金属分布进行分析,结果表明铅和镉含量较高,存在一定程度污染或属于高背景值底泥;底泥的重金属因沉积引起,而锌、铜、铬和镍含量具有一定的污染同源性;利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价底泥重金属污染状况,镉污染较为严重,潜在生态风险大,污染程度镉>铜>锌>镍,铅存在一定的潜在生态风险,铅和铬污染风险较小,底泥和底泥浸出液中重金属含量的变化趋势较为一致,结果表明底泥是表面水重金属的重要来源.     

珠江口滩涂围垦对大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解海岸滩涂围垦对沿海生态系统的影响,采用大型底栖动物群落来进行影响评价.对珠江口伶仃洋西海岸的6个自然滩涂和5个围垦滩涂的大型底栖动物进行比较研究,采用4种生物指数、聚类分析(CLA)及非度量多维测度排序(NMS)对其进行群落特征分析.结果显示:自然滩涂底栖动物种类数平均7.5种,栖息密度386.63 ind m-2,生物量15.593 6 g m-2,均普遍高于围垦滩涂.滩涂围垦可造成滩涂生境改变,从而导致底栖动物群落结构简单,生物组成单一,群落相似性较低.因此必须科学制定围垦方式并进行围垦后生态保护,在满足用地需求和生境保护之间取得平衡.图5表3参24     

Impact of logging activities in a tropical mangrove on ecosystem diversity and sediment heavy metal concentrations

Productivity of mangrove ecosystems is compromised by anthropogenic activities including over-exploitation of wood. This study set out to understand how different wood harvesting regimes have affected the biodiversity of a tropical ecosystem and to identify relationships between the heavy metal concentrations in the mangrove sediments and tree felling. Soil samples were collected and plant diversity studies carried out on seven sites in the mangrove. Physico-chemical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were done on soil samples and plant population structure, species richness, evenness and diversity index at these sites were calculated. Results showed that soils across sites were characteristically clayey and acidic, with high organic matter content. Minerals identified included quartz, gibbsite, goethite, hematite and kaolinite. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in Sites 6 and 7 with a longer history of anthropogenic activity. There were strong negative correlations between the duration of logging and NO₃-N (r = ?0.838, p = 0.019), total N (r = ?0.837, p = 0.019), NH₄ ⁺-N (r = ?0.844, p = 0.017), Mg = (?0.789, p = 0.035), K (r = ?0.819, p = 0.024), and Na (r = ?0.988, p = 0.002). Sites which had experienced logging for longer periods (sites 3, 6, and 7) had lower nutrient content and lower values for species richness and diversity index. Logging in mangrove ecosystems could alter soil characteristics, decreasing plant diversity and abundance. Logging dynamics around mangrove ecosystems should be considered in the wider strategy for management and conservation of similar mangrove ecosystems.     

A study on the accumulation of nine heavy metals in some important fish species from a natural reservoir in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, and Fe) in the muscles of four fish species (O. niloticus, C. gariepinus, P. latipinna, and A. d. dispar) collected from the Riyadh River were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in two different seasons in 2012. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals except Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna were found to be below the safe limits suggested by various authorities. This study also showed that Zn was predominant, while Cr was least accumulated metal in the studied fish muscles. Data demonstrated that there was a significant variation in the heavy-metal concentrations in different fish species in the Riyadh River. Significant positive correlations between heavy-metal concentrations in fish muscles were also found both in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Metal pollution index was calculated to distinguish polluted from unpolluted ecosystems based upon current knowledge of metal bioavailability, bioconcentration, and bioaccumulation patterns. From the human health point of view, this study showed that there was a possible health risk to consumers due to the intake of Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna under the current consumption rate in the country.     

珠江三角洲地区典型菜地土壤与蔬菜重金属分布特征研究

通过对珠江三角洲地区的广州市、佛山市、江门市和惠州市典型菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属（Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg）含量及其土壤中有效态（Pb、Cr、Cd）含量的调查,分析蔬菜重金属污染状况与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨了土壤重金属含量、有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,菜地土壤主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染。Pb、Cd主要以轻度污染为主;而Hg污染在广州市菜地土壤以轻度污染和重度污染为主,佛山市菜地土壤以中度污染和重度污染为主,江门市和惠州市菜地土壤以轻度污染为主。蔬菜主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染,少数蔬菜受到Cr污染,但并未检测出蔬菜受As污染。蔬菜中重金属含量与土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd的总量、有效态含量之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤中As、Hg的总量无显著相关性。土壤中Pb、Cr含量与土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量均达到显著相关。土壤中有效Pb与有效锰含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤中有效Cr含量与土壤粘粒含量、有效铁含量呈极显著正相关关系。     

泉州湾洛阳江河口潮滩表层沉积物中重金属赋存形态分析

对比3种重金属形态提取方法,其中稀HCl法提取率比EDTA法高,改进的BCR四步提取法提取率最高.用改进的BCR法分析泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带沉积物中重金属的4种形态(弱酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态)的含量.结果表明,大部分金属元素(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn、Fe和Cd)主要以残渣态存在,Mn主要以弱酸溶态存在,Pb和Cu则以可还原态存在.各形态与其总量间的相关性分析结果表明,Fe受人类活动的影响相对较小,而Cr、Co、Ni、Pb、Cd和Cu的前三态与其总量之间呈现极显著的正相关,说明它们主要污染源来自人类活动.     

微孔曝气与覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷形态分布及释放过程的影响

采用自行研发的泥-水界面微孔曝气系统,开展了底泥表面曝气和覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷释放及形态分布规律的影响研究.结果表明,微孔曝气能够有效提高上覆水的溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh),能够将泥-水界面Eh维持在-100 m V左右,DO提高到6 mg·L-1以上.与对照比较,原位覆盖处理的上覆水DO和Eh有一定提高,但仍明显低于微孔曝气处理.与对照相比较,微孔曝气处理均有效降低上覆水中总磷(TP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(PO3-4)的含量.试验结束时,微孔曝气(A)和微孔曝气+原位覆盖处理(A+C)上覆水中TP含量由初始的0.201 mg·L-1分别降至0.062 mg·L-1和0.050 mg·L-1;上覆水中PO3-4含量由0.086 mg·L-1和0.078 mg·L-1分别降至0.026 mg·L-1和0.023 mg·L-1.与对照相比,微孔曝气处理明显降低了底泥间隙水中TP的浓度,在整个培养期间,其TP含量平均下降38.8%(A)和47.9%(A+C).底泥原位覆盖处理对抑制泥-水界面磷释放能力要弱于微孔曝气处理,而且在试验后期(50 d),上覆水中TP和PO3-4的含量均有所反弹.不管有无覆盖,泥-水界面微孔曝气处理均显著改变了表层底泥磷形态分布特征,显著降低了底泥中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)组分比例,而钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量比例却出现明显增加.单一的表面覆盖处理对底泥磷形态分布特征没有显著影响(P0.05).研究表明,与单一的处理效果相比较,泥-水界面纳米微孔曝气处理,并结合底泥原位覆盖,更有利于抑制城市重污染河道泥-水界面中磷的释放风险.     

污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响

土地利用是资源化利用城市污水厂污泥的有效途径，随污泥中的营养成分一起进入土壤中的还有其中的重金属元素，它们有可能成为一种环境安全的隐患。本实验所用的土壤为污泥经过无害化及稳定化处理后，与上海潮滩沙土按不同比例(干污泥质量比)混配而成。种植前后分别对沙土、污泥及混配土的重金属含量及形态进行测试。选择几种花卉植物，如菊花(Calendula officinalis）等进行植物种植试验，一个生长季后对植物中的重金属含量及形态进行测试。应用Tessler连续提取法，对污泥中的重金属进入土壤后，土壤中重金属的含量、赋存状态等方面的规律进行研究，发现污泥的土地利用会明显增加土壤中的重金属含量，而且重金属的形态也有明显的变化，可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的重金属含量有明显的增加；如长期使用，则必须采取相应的措施，以消除有害的影响。     

镧的不同施用方式对镉胁迫下雪菜生长和重金属累积的影响

采用土壤盆栽法,探讨镧的不同施用方式对镉胁迫下雪菜(Brassica juncea var.crispifolia)生长及Cd和La累积的影响,以评价重金属污染土壤上施用稀土元素的生态效应。研究结果表明,镉污染土壤上,与不施La处理相比,无论何种方式施用La对雪菜生长和叶片维生素c质量分数均未产生显著的促进作用。叶面喷施La(10、25、50mg·L-1)不仅没有降低雪菜Cd的质量分数,反而导致大量的La累积在雪菜地上部。拌种虽然使1mg·kg-1Cd污染条件下雪菜地上部Cd的质量分数下降,但同时使地上部La的质量分数增加。根施La(1、5、25、125mg·kg-1)处理的雪菜地上部La的质量分数仍处于较低水平,但仅有根施1mg·kg-1La处理显著降低雪菜地上部Cd累积量,其他根施La处理对地上部Cd累积量无显著影响。     

泉州湾河口湿地秋茄红树林中重金属的分布、迁移和储量

分析了泉州湾洛阳江河口湿地秋茄林及其根际沉积物中重金属元素的含量及根际沉积物中酸可提取态重金属元素含量,讨论了秋茄林-沉积物系统中重金属元素的分布、富集与迁移特征及其在秋茄林中的储量.根际沉积物中重金属元素总量及酸可提取态含量的顺序分别为:Fe>Mn>Zn>V>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co>Cd和Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>V>Cr>Ni>Co>Cd.与该海域应执行的《海洋沉积物质量标准》(GB1868—2002)一类标准限值相比,研究区沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr的样品超标率分别为100%、100%、90%、70%和10%.相关性分析结果表明,根际沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Co、Ni可能存在相同的人为源和相似的环境行为,而Fe、Mn的来源及行为与其它元素有较大不同.各元素在秋茄树各部位的平均富集系数均小于1.多数重金属元素在秋茄树不同部位的富集系数顺序为:根>叶>枝,Mn为:叶>枝>根,而Cu和Pb为:根>枝>叶.秋茄树中重金属元素从根到叶的平均迁移系数顺序为:Mn(7.44)>Zn(0.94)>Cu(0.71)>Cr(0.68)>Cd(0.63)>V(0.50)>Ni(0.46)>Co(0.41)>Pb(0.37)>Fe(0.21).     

珠江磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属含量及其分布特征

分析了在珠江磨刀门河口采集的37个表层沉积物样品重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As、Ni)的含量及分布特征。采用原子吸收法分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni的含量,采用冷原子吸收法分析了Hg、As含量。结果表明,口门处及其两侧和拦门沙内坡重金属的含量最高;外海区域重金属含量普遍较低;由口内河床至口门处,Cu、Cr、Hg、As的含量减小,Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni的含量逐渐增大;大部分重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Ni)的含量由口门处至拦门沙地区是先减小再增大的;由拦门沙至外海,Cu、Pb、Cd、As的含量减小,Zn和Ni的含量先减小后增大;由口门处至外海,Cr和Hg含量的总体趋势是增大的。磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属元素含量与CEC、小于0.001mm粘粒以及沉积物有机质含量的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平;重金属含量与沉积物pH值的相关性不显著;重金属元素的含量变化和分布规律还表明磨刀门表层沉积物的重金属主要受陆源污染物的影响。     

Threat of heavy metal contamination in eight mangrove plants from the Futian mangrove forest,China

Mangrove plants play an important role in heavy metal maintenance in a mangrove ecosystem. To evaluate the characteristics of heavy metal contamination in the Futian mangrove forest, Shenzhen, China, eight heavy metals in mangrove sediments and plants were monitored, including essential elements such as Cu and Zn, and non-essential elements such as Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and Hg. The results showed that the heavy metals exhibited the following scheme: Zn > As > Cu ≈ Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd ≈ Hg in sediment cores, among which Cd, As, Pb and Hg contents were nearly ten times higher than the background values. There was no significant difference in metal maintenance capability between native and exotic species. In mangrove plants’ leaves and stems, concentrations of Cu, Zn and As were higher than other heavy metals. The low bioconcentration factors for most heavy metals, except for Cr, implied the limited ability of heavy metal accumulation by the plants. Mangrove plants seem to develop some degree of tolerance to Cr. The factor analysis implies that anthropogenic influences have altered metal mobility and bioavailability.     

珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及相关性研究

随着广州市截污工程的实施,珠江(广州河段)外源污染得到有效控制后,沉积物内源污染将成为影响河流水质的重要因素。在珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中8种重金属质量分数监测的基础上,对该河段沉积物中重金属的沿程分布特征和横向分布特征进行了全面的分析,并对所测8种重金属之间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:从沿程分布来看,这8种污染元素的分布特征基本相似,元素的高值区和低值区大致吻合。从横向分布来看,绝大多数污染物在一个断面的最高值和最低值出现的点位基本上是重合的,各种污染物质量分数的最高值绝大部分出现在靠近岸边的点位,并且大部分集中于左岸。而最低值出现在河道中间的比例较高。在所测定的8种元素中,除了Hg和As之外,其它各种元素之间均呈现较明显的正相关关系,特别是Cr和Cd、Cu和Cd、Cr和Cu、Cr和Ni之间的相关性显著。