Experimental determination of Cd2+ adsorption mechanism on low-cost biological waste

Carbonate shells have an astonishing ability in the removal of Cd²⁺ in a short time period with emphasis on being a low cost adsorbent. In the present study, the sorption capacity of carbonate shells was studied for Cd²⁺ in batch experiments. The influence of different carbonate shell sizes and physico-chemical factors were evaluated and the results were analyzed for its correlation matrices by using Predictive Analytics Software (PASW). The mineralogy state of aqueous solution regarding the saturation index was simulated using PHREEQC to identify the Cd²⁺ uptake mechanism. The Cd uptake rates were calculated as well as Ca²⁺, HCO ₃ ^? concentration, pH, ambient humidity and temperature were measured. Cd²⁺ removal of 91.52% was achieved after 5 h adsorption. The adsorption efficiencies were significantly influenced by pH as they increased with the increase of pH from acidic solution (5.50±0.02) to slightly alkaline (7.60±0.05). In addition, the mineralogy state of aqueous solution calculated from PHREEQC confirmed that the increment of Ca²⁺ and HCO ₃ ^? concentrations in solution was attributed to the dissolution of carbonate shells. Moreover, the ion exchange adsorption mechanism of Cd²⁺ toward Ca²⁺ was identified as the process involved in Cd²⁺ uptake.     

镉胁迫下杂交稻2品种幼苗的抗性及镉含量的差异

以"两优培九"、"汕优63"杂交稻三叶期幼苗为材料,比较了镉胁迫对生长量,及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)电子传递活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、光合速率、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响及不同器官镉含量的变化。镉胁迫条件下,与"汕优63"相比较,"两优培九"幼叶光合速率和PSⅡ电子传递活性降低幅度较小,生长量较高;"两优培九"保护酶系统活性较高,MDA含量升高幅度较小;"两优培九"地上部分镉含量较低、根系含量较高。镉胁迫条件下,与"汕优63"相比较,"两优培九"根系的生长速率较高,抗镉胁迫的能力较强。     

Biosorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ on immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The biosorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ onto the immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) was investigated in this study. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and the effect of pH were studied. The results indicated that the biosorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ on the immobilized S. cerevisiae was fast at initial stage and then became slow. The maximum biosorption of heavy metal ions on immobilized S. cerevisiae were observed at pH 4 for Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺. by the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetic data well according to the high correlation coefficient (R ²) obtained. The biosorption isotherm was fitted well by the Langmuir model, indicating possible mono-layer biosorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ on the immobilized S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the immobilized S. cerevisiae after the sorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ could be regenerated and reused.     

花生壳吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的动力学和热力学研究

以花生壳为生物吸附剂,通过序批式实验研究了吸附剂投量、吸附时间、金属离子初始质量浓度、吸附温度对吸附金属离子的影响,探讨了花生壳吸附的动力学及热力学特性。结果表明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述花生壳对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地描述花生壳对5种重金属离子的等温吸附过程,而Langmuir模型拟合的线性更好。Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Cd2＋、Ni2＋5种金属离子的最大吸附量分别是32.25、7.09、3.82、2.95、2.22 mg.g-1,花生壳可用于处理低质量浓度多种重金属混合的废水。热力学研究表明,花生壳对5种金属离子的吸附具有自发、吸热和熵增的特性。     

Higher Cd adsorption on biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles

Cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogenic metal contaminating the environment and ending up in wastewaters. There is therefore a need for improved methods to remove Cd by adsorption. Biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles have been shown to adsorb Zn, Cu and Hg, but these nanoparticles have not been tested for Cd removal. Here we studied the time-dependency and adsorption isotherm of Cd onto biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles using batch adsorption experiments. We measured ζ-potential values to assess the stability of nanoparticles loaded with Cd. Results show that the maximum Cd adsorption capacity amounts to 176.8 mg of Cd adsorbed per g of biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles. The ζ-potential of Cd-loaded nanoparticles became less negative from ?32.7 to ?11.7 mV when exposing nanoparticles to an initial Cd concentration of 92.7 mg L^?1. This is the first study that demonstrates the high Cd uptake capacity of biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles, of 176.8 mg g^?1, when compared to that of traditional adsorbents such as carboxyl-functionalized activated carbon, of 13.5 mg g^?1. An additional benefit is the easy solid–liquid separation by gravity settling due to coagulation of Cd-loaded biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles.     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对蟾蜍蝌蚪的联合毒性

以蟾蜍蝌蚪为试验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)离子对蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性顺序为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 ,48 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.514、9.224、33.56 mg L-1;96 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.288、8.142、30.76 mg L-1.联合毒性试验结果表明,Cu2 与Zn2 及Zn2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Cu2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为毒性剧增的协同作用;Cu2 、Zn2 与Cd2 三者联合时的毒性为协同作用.表6参18     

Cd2+胁迫对竹叶眼子菜的毒理学效应分析

以不同浓度Cd2 处理5 d的竹叶眼子菜为实验材料,分析了叶片的光合色素、抗氧化系统、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等生理生化指标的应答反应,并用透射电镜观察了叶细胞超微结构的变化.随着Cd2 处理浓度的增加,叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,而MDA和可溶性糖含量上升;过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和抗坏血酸(ASA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量分别在2 mg L-1和4 mg L-1时达到峰值;可溶性蛋白含量下降,相对分子质量(Mr)为52.1×103、42.9×103、27.4×103和14.1×103的多肽合成量逐渐减少,但Mr为18.1×103的多肽的合成量增加;叶绿体膨大、解体;线粒体嵴突肿胀、空泡化;核仁分散、核膜断裂、核质散出.结果表明: Cd2 对竹叶眼子菜的光合结构、细胞保护系统以及细胞结构的完整性等都产生明显破坏作用,最终将导致植物死亡.其中SOD、叶绿素和蛋白生物合成各指标的反应较灵敏,可作为水体Cd2 污染的监测指标. Cd2 对竹叶眼子菜的半效应浓度为2.97 mg L-1.图8参27     

水体中Cu2+和Cd2+污染对育珠蚌肝脏中3种酶的影响

选取两种水体中常见的重金属污染离子(Cu^2 和Cd^2 )，按一定的浓度梯度配制成溶液，并以此溶液饲养育珠蚌一定时间后，测定两种离子对育珠蚌肝脏中的酯酶(EST)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响．结果表明，低浓度的重金属离子可以诱导3种酶活性的升高，而高浓度的离子则抑制酶的活性．同工酶电泳检测显示，高浓度的离子导致EST同工酶谱减少一条谱带，低浓度的离子则诱导产生新的SOD同工酶类型，但两种离子均未对POD同工酶谱产生影响．图6参10     

利用微量热法研究Cd^2＋和Cu^2＋对嗜热四膜虫（Tetrahymena thermophila）的毒性效应

利用微量热法研究Cd2+和Cu2+对嗜热四膜虫BF5 (Tetrahymena thermophila BF5)生长代谢毒性效应,结果表明 ①低浓度的Cd2 + (0～0.4 mg L-1)和Cu2+(0～10 mg L-1)对四膜虫的生长有促进作用,而高浓度的Cd2 +(0.8～3.2 mg L-1)和Cu2+(20～200 mg L-1)则产生抑制作用;②Cd2+和Cu2+的半抑制浓度IC50分别为2.04 mg/L和155.5 mg/L;③联合毒性为协同作用;④微量热法所得Cd2+和Cu2+单独作用时的IC10分别为0.96 mg/L和19.9 mg/L,高于种类损伤法结果;⑤微量热法所得Cd2+和Cu2+单独作用时的IC10均高于II级饮用水水质标准.而Cd2+和Cu2+间的协同作用使Cd2+的IC10降低为0.31 mg/L,高于水质标准;Cu2+的IC10降低为1.16 mg/L,与水质标准相近.总之,微量热法不仅是一种快速评价污染物毒性效应的新方法,而且可用于相关的环境毒理学理论研究. 图1 表5 参16     

利用微量热法研究Cd2+和Cu2+对嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)的毒性效应

利用微量热法研究Cd2 和Cu2 对嗜热四膜虫BF5(TetrahymenathermophilaBF5)生长代谢毒性效应 ,结果表明 :①低浓度的Cd2 (0～ 0 .4mgL-1)和Cu2 (0～ 10mgL-1)对四膜虫的生长有促进作用 ,而高浓度的Cd2 (0 .8～ 3.2mgL-1)和Cu2 (2 0～ 2 0 0mgL-1)则产生抑制作用 ;②Cd2 和Cu2 的半抑制浓度IC50 分别为 2 .0 4mg/L和15 5 .5mg/L ;③联合毒性为协同作用 ;④微量热法所得Cd2 和Cu2 单独作用时的IC10 分别为 0 .96mg/L和 19.9mg/L ,高于种类损伤法结果 ;⑤微量热法所得Cd2 和Cu2 单独作用时的IC10 均高于II级饮用水水质标准 .而Cd2 和Cu2 间的协同作用使Cd2 的IC10 降低为 0 .31mg/L ,高于水质标准 ;Cu2 的IC10 降低为 1.16mg/L ,与水质标准相近 .总之 ,微量热法不仅是一种快速评价污染物毒性效应的新方法 ,而且可用于相关的环境毒理学理论研究 .图 1表 5参 16     

Pb2+、Cd2+和Cr(Ⅵ)抑制球形红细菌生长的毒性效应

运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准方法,得到Pb2 、Cd2 和Cr(Ⅵ)对球形红细菌生长的最小无差异浓度(LNOEC)分别为85.9mgL-1、22.1mgL-1和17.7mgL-1.根据实验结果采用几率单位进行数据处理,得到抑制球形红细菌生长的96hEC50分别为195.0mgL-1、91.2mgL-1和77.6mgL-1,并对各剂量反应方程进行χ2检验,结果均符合精度要求,计算出的96hEC50真实可靠.研究结果表明,抑制球形红细菌生长的毒性由大到小的顺序是Cr(Ⅵ)>Cd2 >Pb2 .不同金属离子与细胞壁亲和性不同或能通过菌体内生物化学转化形成沉淀,可能是导致金属离子抑制球形红细菌生长毒性差异的主要原因.图1表2参15     

硅藻土和膨润土对重金属离子Zn~（2＋）、Pb~（2＋）及Cd~（2＋）的吸附特性

以硅藻土和膨润土作为吸附剂,考察微波加热与否条件下,不同吸附时间、不同吸附剂用量和不同pH值对硅藻土和膨润土分别吸附Zn2＋、Pb2＋、Cd2＋重金属离子的影响.实验结果表明,硅藻土和膨润土对3种重金属离子均有很好的吸附效果,吸附时间对去除率影响不大,数分钟即可达到吸附平衡,微波加热、增加吸附剂用量和提高pH值,都有利于提高3种重金属离子的去除率.     

背角无齿蚌钙调蛋白基因的克隆及Ca2+和Cd2+对其表达的影响

钙调蛋白(CaM)是Ca2+结合蛋白,参与程序性细胞死亡、自噬、肌肉收缩、炎症和免疫应答等多种生物学过程.为探讨Ca2+和Cd2+对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)的生理效应,克隆出AwCaM1全基因序列,分析Ca2+和Cd2+对AwCaM1表达的影响.结果显示,背角无齿蚌AwCAM1 cDNA全长由6...     

优势菌种活细胞对天然水体中Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附

通过对天然水环境———伊通河中优势菌种活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 的研究发现 :pH对Pb2 、Cd2 吸附的影响是不同的 ,对Pb2 的吸附量在 pH =5 .0～ 7.0时变化不大 ,对Cd2 的吸附量在 pH =6 .0～ 8.0时变化不大 ;温度对活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 影响明显不同 ;活细胞对Pb2 、Cd2 的吸附量随着细菌密度的增加而增大 ,随着渗透压的增大而降低 .图 5表 1参 8     

钠化改性膨润土对Cd2+的吸附研究

通过等温吸附试验,研究了钙基膨润土及钠化改性膨润土对Cd^2 的吸附,并与土壤对Cd^2 的吸附进行了对比．试验表明,钠化改性膨润土对Cd^2 有很好的吸附作用,可用于重金属污染土壤的治理,pH值是影响吸附效果的一个重要因素。     

草炭溶解态有机物质与Cu2+、Cd2+络合稳定性的研究

研究了由草炭提取的胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、水溶解态有机物质(WSOM)的基团特征,分子量分布及其与Cu2+、Cd2+两种金属离子之间的络合稳定性。对HA、FA及WSOM的红外光谱研究显示三者的官能团组成相似,只是含量略有不同。固态13C-NMR对HA、FA及WSOM结构特征的描述以及水相凝胶色谱法对三种有机质样品的分子量及分子量分布的测定结果显示HA分子最大且含有大量的长链烷烃,而FA分子小得多,结构以碳水化合物及多糖为主,WSOM的分子量略低于FA,结构与FA相近。离子交换平衡法对三种有机质样品与Cu2+、Cd2+的络合配位数和稳定常数的测定结果显示两种介质条件下络合配位数(x)、络合稳定常数(logk)的次序均为:Cu2+>Cd2+;同一介质条件下,对不同有机质而言均满足:M-HA>M-FA>M-WSOM。     

不同菌糠生物炭对水体中Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附性能

以菌糠废弃物为原料,采用限氧裂解法在500℃条件下制备香菇菌糠、猴头菇菌糠和平菇菌糠生物炭(LEBC、HEBC和POBC).利用SEM、XRD和FTIR等方法对吸附剂进行了表征;通过吸附动力学、等温吸附、生物炭酸化实验探究了3种菌糠生物炭去除水溶液中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的效果及机理.结果表明,在溶液初始pH 2—3时,3种菌糠生物炭对溶液中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附量急剧增加.LEBC、HEBC、POBC对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,对Cu~(2+)的吸附速率分别为10.15×10~(-3)、7.08×10~(-3)、0.69×10~(-3) mg·g~(-1)·min~(-1),对Cd~(2+)的吸附速率分别为6.53×10~(-3)、5.19×10~(-3)、0.26×10~(-3) mg·g~(-1)·min~(-1).不同浓度下LEBC、HEBC、POBC对Cu~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量依次为56.74、11.98、77.32 mg·g~(-1);而Cd~(2+)的吸附符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附量依次为74.26、36.49、70.2 mg·g~(-1).LEBC在较短的时间内能达到较大的吸附量,可作为去除水体中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的优质吸附剂.XRD和FTIR等分析结果表明生物炭对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附机制包括物理吸附、阳离子-π作用、官能团络合及沉淀.3种生物炭经酸化处理后,对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附能力显著下降,表明生物炭中碳酸盐引起的Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)表面沉淀在吸附过程中起重要作用.     

Effects of organic acids on Cd adsorption and desorption by two anthropic soils

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of malic, tartaric, oxalic, and citric acid on the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cd by two typical anthropic soils (lou soil and irrigation-silted soil) in North-west China. Cadmium adsorption and desorption were studied under a range of temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C), organic acid concentrations (0.5–5.0 mmol·L^-1), and pH values (2–8). The results showed that the Cd adsorption capacity of the lou soil was significantly greater than that of the irrigation-silted soil. Generally, Cd adsorption increased as the temperature increased. In the presence of NaNO₃, the adsorption of Cd was endothermic with ΔH values of 31.365 kJ·mol^-1 for lou soil and 28.278?kJ·mol^-1 for irrigation-silted soil. The endothermic reaction indicated that H bonds were the main driving force for Cd adsorption in both soils. However, different concentrations of organic acids showed various influences on the two soils. In the presence of citric acid, chemical adsorption and van der Waals interactions were the main driving forces for Cd adsorption rather than H bonds. Although the types of organic acids and soil properties were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption and desorption of Cd were similar in the two soils. The adsorption percentage of Cd generally decreased as organic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the adsorption percentage increased as the pH of the initial solution increased. The exception was that adsorption percentage of Cd increased slightly as oxalic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the desorption percentage of Cd increased with increasing concentrations of organic acids but decreased as the initial solution pH increased.     

Kinetic,equilibrium and thermodynamic studies for the sorption of metribuzin from aqueous solution using banana peels,an agro-based biomass

Banana peels were employed for the removal of metribuzin from aqueous solution. Sorption in the batch mode was optimized regarding pH, contact time, sorbent dose, initial pesticide concentrations, and temperature. The sorption data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, Elovich, and liquid film diffusion model, the pseudo-second-order exhibiting best fit (R² = 0.9803). Of the four most common sorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich), the data followed the Langmuir isotherm with highest correlation. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 167 mg g^?1. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy showed that the sorption was exothermic and spontaneous.     

酸性土壤中Cd2+的吸附与运移特性

采用平衡吸附和室内土柱淋溶实验研究Cd2 在酸性土壤中的吸附和运移规律.结果表明:红壤和砖红壤中Cd2 的吸附,在其低浓度范围内符合线性等温方程,Cd2 在砖红壤上的分配系数是红壤上的8倍,能较好地用一级动力学方程的两点和一点模型拟合Cd2 的吸附.红壤快反应的比例约为50%-60%,砖红壤快反应的比例约为90%-95%.采用两点位非平衡模型,红壤β值范围为0.50-0.70,f值的范围是0.40-0.60,仅有40%-60%的吸附点位是瞬间完成,还有一部分吸附点位受速率限制,用非平衡两点模型比用平衡模型能更好地描述Cd2 的运移规律;而砖红壤β值在0.93-0.99,f＞0.92,有大于 90%的吸附点位是瞬间完成,不到10%受速率限制,很容易达到局部平衡,运用平衡模型可能更适合,这与动力学方程的结果基本一致.