县域土地生态安全评价——以四川省丹棱县为例

建立基于自然-经济-社会子系统的县域土地生态安全综合评价体系,评价2001-2010年四川省丹棱县的土地生态安全状况,并分析土地生态系统协调度的动态变化,探讨丹棱县在眉山市所处的土地生态安全水平.结果表明,2001-2010年丹棱县土地生态安全状况总体呈好转趋势,但至2010年仍处于敏感级和预警状态,综合生态安全值由0.630 6增长至0.697 2,其中土地经济生态安全值由0.236 6增加至0.327 9,但自然和社会生态安全值分别由0.262 3和0.131 7下降至0.253 9和0.115 3.2001-2010年土地生态系统协调度由0.670 9下降至0.535 6,从2007年起系统处于不协调状态.从2008年起丹棱县土地生态安全水平高于眉山市平均水平.     

基于土地转移矩阵的生态服务功能研究——以南京市仙林新市区为例

以南京市仙林新市区为例,运用土地转移矩阵方法分析土地利用变化,并采用专家打分法和层次分析法对生态服务功能进行分类评价,对其结果进行空间化表达,分析土地利用变化对生态服务功能的影响。结果表明:(1)2003—2013年仙林新市区耕地和水体面积大量减少,而建设用地、密集型草地和裸地面积大量增加。土地利用类型变化主要体现在耕地、水体向建设用地、密集型草地和裸地的转移。(2)区域生态服务功能整体降低,但生态服务功能改变程度具有空间异质性,西北部和中部的大部分区域生态服务功能降低程度高,而东南部小部分区域降低程度低。(3)耕地、有林地和水体向建设用地的转移是造成生态服务功能降低的主要原因,其作用程度达到70%以上。     

基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)和空间主成分分析法(SPCA)的沛县北部生态安全格局构建研究

沛县北部因采煤导致地形、地貌和地类变化,直接影响了整个区域的生态安全,因此需要在区域生态安全状况评价的基础上构建生态安全格局。该研究以沛县北部地区为研究对象,选取高程、坡度、土地覆盖类型、植被覆盖、距水体的距离、距道路的距离、距矿点的距离、距居民点的距离8个指标,采用空间主成分分析法(SPCA)评价研究区生态安全状况,并利用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)建立生态阻力面,借助GIS空间分析技术提取生态廊道和生态节点,从而构建研究区的生态安全格局。结果表明研究区生态安全水平不高,中度安全水平的面积为447.53 km~2,占研究区总面积的44.53%;较低安全水平的面积为344.58 km~2,占研究区总面积的34.28%;识别的31条潜在生态廊道、31个一类生态节点和20个二类生态节点与生态源地一起构成了研究区的生态安全格局,为沛县北部的生态规划和生态可持续发展提供了有效参考。     

桂西北喀斯特区可持续发展现状评价与趋势预测

以广西河池市为例,运用生态足迹方法对区域可持续发展状态进行定量分析,应用GM(1,1)模型对区域人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力进行趋势预测.结果表明:该区1985-2006年人均生态足迹持续上升,增加近2倍,而人均生态承载力逐步下降,降幅达12.6%,由生态盈余转变为生态赤字,呈不可持续发展状态;1990-2001年人均生态足迹变化幅度最大,达120.76%,但2001年后趋于缓和;对生态足迹构成的分析表明,耕地和草地消耗最大,草地足迹正向变化最为剧烈,所占生态足迹构成比例由12.88%增至30.12%;对河池市人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力的趋势预测结果显示,未来9a人均生态足迹仍继续上升,生态赤字将相应进一步扩大.     

苏北侵蚀型海岸湿地景观时空演变特征及驱动机制

运用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,对盐城国家级自然保护区侵蚀型海岸湿地1987、1997和2007年3个时相的景观数据进行分析,辨识侵蚀型海岸湿地景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明,1987—1997年,研究区光滩面积比例由76.91%下降至58.37%,碱蓬湿地由18.68%下降至5.51%,芦苇湿地由4.42%上升至13.01%,并出现了米草湿地和养殖池景观类型,1997年其面积比例分别为13.35%和9.76%。1997—2007年,碱蓬湿地退化消失,养殖池减少,芦苇湿地、米草湿地、光滩面积增加,其比例分别为15.85%、14.50%和60.86%。就景观异质性而言,多样性指数先升后降,景观优势度持续下降。景观空间演替呈现单向性特征:1987—1997年,从陆地向海洋方向演替;1997—2007年,从海洋向陆地方向演替。海岸地貌过程和植物覆被类型的连续变化导致湿地景观演变呈连续变化,但干扰往往使生态过程的连续性发生改变。     

黔中城市群景观生态安全格局构建

城市群景观生态安全格局是城市群健康可持续发展的安全保障。为识别黔中城市群景观生态安全格局,采用ENVI 5. 3和Arc GIS 10. 2软件解译黔中城市群2017年土地利用类型,以生态系统服务重要性与生态环境敏感性为依据识别黔中城市群生态源地,基于石漠化程度与土地利用类型构建黔中城市群阻力面,确定缓冲区,通过成本距离分析和路径分析生成廊道,识别生态节点,最终构建黔中城市群景观生态安全格局。结果表明,黔中城市群低水平安全格局面积为30 354. 95 km2,占黔中城市群总面积的56. 42%;中水平安全格局面积为35 132. 14km2,占黔中城市群总面积的65. 30%;高水平安全格局面积为39 780. 76 km2,占黔中城市群总面积的73. 94%。景观生态安全格局区域主要分布在黔中城市群西部及南部地区。黔中城市群需要加强保护的区域面积占比很大,在城市建设规划中应加以重视,以免破坏黔中城市群生态环境。     

安徽鹞落坪自然保护区聚落用地适宜性评价

自然保护区大多面临生态保护与脱贫攻坚的双重任务,协调好乡村建设与生态保护的关系是问题的关键。以安徽鹞落坪自然保护区为例,从自然条件、生态限制和社会经济3个方面选取10项指标构建鹞落坪自然保护区聚落用地适宜性评价指标体系,对聚落用地适宜性进行评价。结果表明:鹞落坪保护区适宜建设区域面积仅占保护区总面积的21.80%,限制建设区域面积占19.03%,禁止建设区域面积占59.17%;现有聚落面积的75.10%分布在适宜建设区域,8.44%分布在限制建设区域,16.46%分布在禁止建设区域。根据评价结果,对现有聚落斑块分别提出发展、限制和退出3种布局优化策略。该研究有助于实现自然保护区内聚落的合理布局和生物多样性保护,对促进经济社会与生态环境协调发展具有现实意义。     

能源富集区土壤重金属污染与生态安全研究——以陕北为例

基于构建的生态安全指标体系和表层土壤样点数据,运用模糊综合评价法和指示克里格法进行生态安全评价和土壤重金属风险评估,结合宏观层面的生态安全评价和微观层面的土壤重金属风险评价划定了陕北生态热点区,提取出应对土壤重金属污染的优先保护区域,旨在明晰陕北能源区内生态安全状况以及土壤重金属生态风险情况,为该区土壤重金属污染控制和土壤保护与修复提供依据。结果表明,20世纪80年代以来的20余年间,陕北地区土地生态系统整体处于临界安全状态,其中西北部等级最低,南部等级最高,而能源开采区中只有煤炭典型开采Ⅱ区处于中度安全级别,其余各能源区均处于临界安全状态。各种重金属生态风险在空间上均表现出由南向北、由东南向西北逐渐增加的分布特点。陕北土壤重金属受能源开采影响明显,3类能源开采对土壤重金属影响的程度表现为天然气煤炭石油。陕北地区生态热点区中的高热区主要分布在黄陵县、黄龙县中南部和富县西北部;而中低热区主要分布在延安地区中部以南区域。陕北地区应对重金属污染的优先保护区域为延安地区中部的中—低热点区的过渡区以及洛川县。对于能源开采区而言,煤炭开采Ⅱ区及其10 km缓冲区也可划定为应对重金属污染的优先保护区,但该保护区内的土壤重金属综合潜在风险指数已接近生态危害较强等级,因此,应适当加强生态环境的保护和修复,使该区的生态环境保持可持续性。     

基于区域开发的钦州市生态敏感性分析及防控对策

对基于区域开发的钦州市生态敏感性评价结果表明:中、低敏感区占全市土地总面积64.49%,高敏感区和非敏感区分别占19.22%和16.29%.通过对生态敏感与开发建设关系的分析,划分出生态高约束、生态适度约束及生态非约束3类区域,为全市工业化、城市化空间发展提供参考.从自然生态保护、水源涵养与供给、自然灾害影响及建设用地拓展4个方面提出维护区域生态安全、预防和控制生态敏感危害的对策.     

阿尔泰山小东沟林区植被随地形分布规律

在高度异质性的山区景观中,地形通过不同生态因子时空分布的影响而成为植被分布的决定性因素.在野外调查的基础上,将植被遥感影像分类图基本像元分别与由DEM推算出来的坡度、坡向、海拔和剖面曲率图相叠加,定量分析新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区不同植被类型分布与地形因子之间的关系.通过遥感影像并结合地面调查数据,可将阿尔泰山小东沟林区的植被划分为针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林和草地5种类型.该区域的地形特征如下:坡度以斜陡坡为主,占总面积的64.32%;坡向以西南坡最多,其次是东北坡,分别占总面积的15.02%和14.78%,东南坡和南坡所占面积较少,分别占总面积的9.30%和10.20%;海拔以1 200-2 000 m居多,占总面积的87.19%,是整个研究区的主要海拔分布范围;剖面曲率以5-10°面积最多,占总面积33.31%,其次是剖面曲率3-5°和0-3°,分别占总面积的22.84%和22.44%.剖面曲率>10°的区域占总面积比例较小.各植被类型分布频率最高的地形生境因子组合分别为:针叶林是坡度15-35°的斜陡坡,西北坡,海拔1 800-2 000 m,剖面曲率0-3°;阔叶林是坡度15-35°的斜陡坡,西北坡,海拔1 400-1 600 m,剖面曲率5°-10°;针阔混交林是坡度15-35°的斜陡坡,北坡,海拔1 600-1 800 m,剖面曲率5-10°;灌木林是坡度15-35°的斜陡坡,西坡,海拔1 400-1 600 m,剖面曲率5-10°;草地是坡度15-35°的斜陡坡,南坡,海拔1 200-1 400 m,剖面曲率5-10°.研究不同植被类型随地形生境的变化规律可为生物多样性保育宏观规划和森林可持续经营提供重要科学依据.     

Spatial distribution of ecological security status assessment of West-Liaohe River based on geographic information system

Eco-security assessment is a hot research area in resource and environmental science, which involves data with much spatial, non-linear, and random features. Geographic information system (GIS), as a useful tool to analyze and manage spatial information, has a superior advantage in this field. A case study in the western part of the Liaohe River featuring a method of eco-security spatial differences (ESSD) based on GIS is developed in this paper. The method includes four steps: 1) developing the pressure-state-response (P-S-R) framework with site data; 2) digitizing West-Liaohe River and setting its GRID database of ecosecurity assessment indicators; 3) figuring out the relative membership degree (RMD) of eco-security indicators by using the analytical hierarchy process with the weight of indicator; 4) classifying the security zone and mapping the assessment result of eco-security status in grid by GIS method of assigning and clustering. The visual spatial differences of eco-security based on GIS enables decision makers to know the status of eco-security better in making policies for achieving sustainability.     

干旱区生态安全问题及其评价原理——以新疆为例

普遍的生态敏感性和整体的生态退化趋势,使干旱区成为社会适应和经济适度极端脆弱区,其生态安全问题的典型性和突出性,为完善区域生态安全评价理论体系提供了理想靶区。根据生态安全评价的一般原理和目标,通过剖析新疆绿洲区生态安全问题的驱动、压力和响应机理,主要利用地带性共扼和非地带性耦合分析方法,从哲学观和生态系统、景观生态、土地类型及其稳定性格局层面,初步构建了干旱区生态安全评价的基本原理,得出确保有效的生态需水和生态水位,协调水生态及水安全功能,是干旱区生态安全评价的基础;基于生态承载和再生恢复禀赋的合理、适度利用优势资源,是绿洲开发的生态安全保障;维护天然绿洲和荒漠的“生态标本”价值,引导土地利用的生态化转向,是绿洲生态安全评价的客观依据;通过系统的生态规划和景观设计,保持异质景观的竞争性统一和生态圈层结构的动态稳定性,是干旱区生态安全评价的核心内容。     

快速城市化地区生态安全空间模糊综合评价

以TM遥感影像为数据源、以GIS为平台,构建了基于压力-状态-响应模型的评价指标体系,采用空间模糊评价方法对义乌市生态安全进行了综合评价,并对评价结果在空间上的分布以及时间上的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明,义乌市整体的生态安全状况良好,呈现出从城市中心向边远郊区生态安全指数逐渐降低的生态安全格局;2000年到2007年...     

An early warning method of landscape ecological security in rapid urbanizing coastal areas and its application in Xiamen, China

Based on the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) approach, an index system for landscape ecological security (LES) was suggested using three dimensions, six factors, and three weights. The indicators in the system were divided into two groups: spatial interpolation (acquired by the remote sensing data) and non-spatial interpolation (acquired by consultation with experts). According to data of 2003 and 2006, coupled with current tendencies, the early warning method was classified into four categories: security and degradation, sub-security and slow degradation, sub-security and rapid degradation, and insecurity. Our research with early warning method finds three interesting phenomena: (1) mean value of LES in 2003 was 0.586, indicating medium security; while in 2006 it was 0.650, an upper medium security. The LES level within each districts of Xiamen in 2006 was better than the level in 2003. In terms of LES, the comprehensive condition within each district of Xiamen in 2006 was enhanced compared with 2003. Overall, there was improvement in 80.5% of areas from 2003 to 2006, showing promising signs of positive development. (2) The LES of Xiang’an District and Jimei District were in stages of high early warning given that the percentage of land in these districts that showed symptoms of insecurity and degradation was 41.03 and 34.89%, respectively. (3) On the whole, the areas that showed notable signs of insecurity and rapid landscape, and which can already be identified as early warning areas requiring immediate attention, correspond closely with the distribution of coastal industrial parks in these regions. In conclusion, the consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization are far reaching and affect local and regional ecological security.     

基于3S技术的区域生态廊道模拟及优化

以北京市朝阳区为例,运用3S技术并参考现有资料,对北京市朝阳区现有生态廊道状况进行了分析研究,并运用生态服务功能价值理论和耗费距离模型,模拟建立了北京市朝阳区潜在生态廊道模型。研究结果表明,研究区内生态环境受到了一定的破坏,景观破碎化严重,斑块聚集度虽高,但连接度不够,廊道连通性较差,许多重要的生态斑块没有足够的廊道连接,没有形成良好的生态网络,廊道的规模也达不到标准,服务范围较小。为修复现有廊道来维护区域生态安全,强化生态服务功能,建议北京市朝阳区生态廊道适宜宽度阈值：河流生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少30m以上,道路生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少60m以上,绿带生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少500m以上。     

Urban ecological security assessment and forecasting,based on a cellular automata model: A case study of Guangzhou,China

Forecasting changes in urban ecological security could be important for the maintenance or improvement of the urban ecological environment. However, there are few references in this field and no landmark research work has been reported, particularly quantitative research. A forecasting model for ecological security based on cellular automata (CA) was developed using preliminary spatial data from an ecological security assessment of Guangzhou conducted previously (1990–2005). The model was constrained using transformation rules based upon proposed planning for 2010–2020. A simulation accuracy of 72.09% was acquired. Using a one-bit assessment grid for 2005 as the starting state for the simulation, the model was used to forecast ecological security for 2020. This revealed that although the ecological security status would be improved relative to current trends, there would still be an overall decline in ecological security over the next 15 years. Even if new urban plans were implemented, landscape pattern analysis suggested a more scattered and homogenous distribution in the urban landscape of Guangzhou and significant variation in landscape characteristics among districts. This suggests that further measures must be adopted to reverse the current trends in Guangzhou's ecological security. The model highlights the need to make ecological protection an integral part of urban planning. This study demonstrates the potential of CA models for forecasting ecological security. Such models could make an important contribution to decision-making for regional governors and to the development of urban planning incorporating assessment and prediction of ecological security.     

基于空间马尔科夫链的关中地区生态安全时空演变分析

生态系统内部和生态系统之间都不是封闭的,各要素间均存在着相互作用。利用已获得的陕西关中地区生态安全格网化评价结果数据,运用空间马尔科夫链对该区域的生态安全时空演变进行了分析,得出以下四个结论：①区域背景在关中地区生态安全趋同时空演变过程中起着相当重要作用;②不同区域背景在区域生态安全等级转移中所起的作用也各不相同;③一个区域生态安全等级向上或向下转移的概率与该区域和周围邻居之间的差异程度不成比例;④空间马尔可夫转移概率矩阵为＂区域趋同的时空演变＂现象提供了空间上的解释。实践表明,空间马尔可夫链方法为定量分析地理环境对区域生态安全变化的空间效应提供了方法依据,值得进一步研究和讨论。     

Assessment of regional ecological security based on ecological footprint and influential factors analysis: a case study of Chongqing Municipality,China

In recent years, it has been important to objectively evaluate the degree of regional ecological security with regard to resource depletion and to analyse influential factors to assess sustainable development. This paper tries to assess ecological security in Chongqing while investigating the main influencing factors. Calculations of the consumption footprint, production footprint and ecological capacity for Chongqing from 1996 to 2007 based on an ecological footprint approach were carried out. An ecological security index was also calculated from these results and factors influencing security were analysed using factor analysis. Both the consumption and production footprints present an upward trend, contrary to the gradually decreasing trend of ecological capacity. In addition, the ecological security index shows that Chongqing has deteriorated from a level of less risk to that of risk. Factor analysis suggests that the deterioration of ecological security could primarily be ascribed to socio-economic factors and industrialisation. With socio-economic development and industrialisation, appropriate measures must be taken to improve the ecosystem in Chongqing so as to achieve sustainable development. The limitations of the methodology are also discussed and areas that require further research are presented.     

Evaluation of ecosystem health for regional development in the southwestern Beijing, China

Ecosystem health assessment is one of the most important issues in regional ecological quality and safety studies. It also has a great significance to ecological conservation and regional development. This study focused on assessing the health status of forest, agriculture and urban ecosystems in the southwestern Beijing, China, including the Fangshan and Fengtai Districts. Based on field surveys and data collection, an assessment index system containing the vigor, organization and resilience factors was developed to measure the ecosystem health. Each index was scored from 1 to 5, representing five levels that contribute to the whole ecosystem health. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to measure the weights of each index and three factors, and thus an overall score for a certain ecosystem was calculated. The results show that the forest ecosystem in the Fangshan District had higher health value than the Fengtai District, while the urban ecosystem had a slightly lower value in the Fangshan District than the Fengtai District. Both districts show lower resilience values in forest and urban ecosystems. Maintaining the ecosystem health will definitely benefit the long-term development of two districts. This study suggested that an approach for assessing the regional ecosystem health could be further developed to address spatial and synergy relationships between ecosystems and the three health factors.     

广州市萝岗区生态系统服务功能价值空间评估

基于遥感与GIS,选取生产有机物质、涵养水源、净化环境污染、气体调节、营养物质循环、保土育肥6项生态系统服务功能主要指标,计算得到的各项量化的生态服务功能效益,通过影子工程法、市场价值法和机会成本法等转换成生态系统服务价值,在小空间格网上对广州市萝岗区生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评估和空间分析。结果表明：萝岗区2007年生态系统服务价值达到16.13亿元,平均为37 175.81元/hm2。从空间分布看：萝岗区北部农林地区生态服务价值最高,中部、东部山区的服务价值较高,南部工业地区服务价值较低。不同的生态景观具有不同的生态服务功能,保持生态景观的多样性和均衡性能促进生态系统服务价值的增加。萝岗区生态城建设要保护该区原生的自然生态景观特征和景观格局,促进区域生态服务功能的全面提升和生态服务价值总体增加。