布鲁姆过滤器算法在P2P系统中的应用

布鲁姆过滤器算法是一类空间效率和时间效率均较高的查询算法,被广泛地应用于各类分布式数据库及分布式网络系统中,如P2P系统.文中分析了P2P技术在互联网中的应用实例,总结了布鲁姆过滤器算法在P2P系统中的主要应用,如数据同步、资源路由、关键字检索等.     

P2P防污染机制的研究

文件污染是当前P2P文件共享系统普遍存在的问题,其中用户行为是导致污染的重要因素.在考察用户行为的基础上,建立了一个污染文件传播模型,描述了用户的污染意识、共享倾向等因素对污染传播的影响,并据此提出了相应的反污染机制.仿真实验表明,该机制能够有效地控制P2P文件共享系统中污染文件的传播.图6,表12.     

海洋苯酚降解菌Candida sp.P5的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从海洋沉积物中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源的酵母菌P5．根据菌落特征、菌体形态、生理生化特性和18SrDNA序列分析，确定菌株P5为假丝酵母菌属（Candicla　sp．）．该菌株最适宜生长和降解苯酚的条件为：温度25℃，pH6．0～7．0，摇床转速100r／min，需氧；菌株P5能在较高浓度的苯酚条件下生长，在72h内可以降解95％以上的苯酚．对苯酚代谢途径和相关酶的研究发现，菌株P5主要在邻苯二酚1，2-双加氧酶作用下通过邻位途径进行苯酚代谢．图7表2参24     

P肥施入土壤后的变化进程及对P淋失的影响

对施入不同剂量P肥的稻田土壤进行培养,测定不同时期土壤O lsen-P和CaC l2-P含量变化。结果表明,在施P量为100~1 600 kg.hm-2条件下,200 d时不同处理土壤O lsen-P含量降低量均接近于施P后的50%,不同施P量下土壤对O lsen-P的固定量均接近50%,表明在本试验施P量范围内该土壤仍未达到P吸附饱和,土壤对O lsen-P的固定量与施P量近似呈正比;当施P量低时,CaC l2-P含量低,且变化不明显;当施P量高于400 kg.hm-2时,CaC l2-P含量迅速增高。随着施P量提高,进入土壤缓效P库的比例降低,而进入速效P库和可溶性P库的比例增加,土壤对P的固定能力也逐渐降低,产生P损失的可能性增加,易于导致面源污染。预测结果表明,该土壤发生P素地表径流损失及在亚表层径流中P浓度猛增的O lsen-P含量“转折点”为81.3 mg.kg-1,与其对应的施P量约为524 kg.hm-2。可见,该土壤施P量一旦高于500 kg.hm-2,通过各种途径产生P损失的可能性增加。     

利用新复合引发体系合成P(DMDAAC-AM)共聚物

采用新的复合引发体系及助剂,在水溶液中合成了分子量较高而且速溶的P(DMDAAC-AM)共聚物．着重研究各种引发剂和助剂的浓度、引发及烘干温度、反应时间等因素对聚合反应的影响,得出最佳合成工艺及配方．利用IR、透射电镜和扫描电镜对产品进行分析．     

深海细菌Celeribacter indicus P73~T对菲的降解机制

来自深海环境的多环芳烃降解菌Celeribacter indicus P73~T能够高效降解菲,为揭示菲生物降解的分子机制,对其降解途径进行分析.通过GC-MS联用技术鉴定出菌株P73~T降解菲的2个重要的中间代谢产物,1-羟基-2-萘甲酸和1-萘酚.通过分析菌株P73~T全基因组,发现了菲降解基因簇(P73_0346-P73_0354),编码包括环羟基化双加氧酶、二氢二醇脱氢酶、环裂解双加氧酶、异构酶、水合醛缩酶等.通过验证环羟基化双加氧酶大亚基基因突变株ΔP73_0346::kan的菲降解能力,证实基因P73_0346编码了菲双加氧酶.依据代谢物检测、基因组分析和突变株功能验证结果,推测菌株P73~T降解菲经由菲C3,4-双加氧途径,更进一步地确定了参与此途径的菲双加氧酶等降解相关基因.本研究不仅揭示了菲降解的分子机制,也为菲污染的生物修复技术提供了理论依据.     

P204-熔融石蜡固液萃取废水中铜、钴、镍

本文研究了二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)-熔融石蜡对废水中Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Ni~(2+)的固液萃取行为.探讨了水相的酸度、萃取剂P204用量及搅拌时间等对废水中Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Ni~(2+)的萃取率的影响.结果表明,当p H=2.5时,Cu~(2+)萃取率几乎达到100%,远高于Co~(2+)和Ni~(2+);当P204用量为0.05 mL时,水相中Co~(2+)不被萃取,Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)萃取率不到60%;当搅拌时间为3 min时,Ni~(2+)萃取达到平衡,萃取完全,Cu~(2+)和Co~(2+)萃取平衡时间需要7 min.用斜率法确定其萃取机理,测定并计算出表观萃取平衡常数Kex和相关热力学参数.     

三江平原泥炭沼泽土剖面P、K养分分布特征及影响因素分析

在三江平原湿地植物生长季节，选择具有代表性的毛果苔草-狭叶甜茅(Carex lasiocarpa-Glyceria spiculosa)湿地发育的泥炭沼泽土为研究对象，逐月分层采集土样，测定P、K含量，同时进行相关环境因子的测量。借助SPSS软件和灰色关联分析技术，探讨泥炭沼泽土P、K养分含量特征及影响因子的影响程度。结果表明：泥炭沼泽土P、K含量在剖面垂直方向具有明显的分层现象，P、K含量与土层的二次相关性均较好，相关系数除潜育层外均在0．94以上。泥炭沼泽土各土层速效P和速效K含量在植物生长季节内均呈明显的动态变化，一元三次非线性回归模拟均得到理想的模拟效果。同一环境因子对同一土层全P、全K、速效P或速效K的影响程度各异；同一环境因子对不同土层P、K的影响系数也不同；因此，不同环境因子对同一土层某一对象的影响系数更不相同。     

P掺杂TiO_2纳米管的制备及其对光催化甘油水溶液制氢性能的影响

以P掺杂的TiO2纳米颗粒为前驱体,采用水热合成法制备了系列P掺杂的TiO2纳米管.用N2吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等方法对光催化材料的表面形貌、颗粒尺寸、孔结构、表面构造、吸光性能进行了分析.研究结果表明,所制备的各样品均为两端开口的纳米管形貌,管长为几十纳米到几百纳米,管外径约10 nm,内径约4 nm,管壁为多层;P掺杂后的系列TiO2纳米管仍保持锐钛矿晶型;掺杂的P可以进入到TiO2的骨架中,并形成P—O—Ti键,在TiO2禁带内引入杂质能级,降低了禁带能量,提高了TiO2的吸光性能及光生电子和空穴的分离性能.光催化甘油水溶液制氢活性评价表明,P掺杂的TiO2纳米管表现出了远高于纯TiO2管以及相同掺杂量的纳米颗粒的光催化制氢性能,2%P掺杂的样品在紫外灯和氙灯辐射下,其最高产氢速率可分别达1850μmol·(h·g)-1和335μmol·(h·g)-1.P掺杂TiO2样品光催化活性的提高与其禁带能量降低以及光生电子和空穴的分离性能增加有关.     

糖萜素对早期断奶仔猪血液生化指标及免疫机能的影响研究

本试验研究了添加糖萜素对早期断奶仔猪血液生化指标及免疫机能的影响．选用21日龄左右健康无病、体重基本一致的杜长大猪进行饲喂试验，随机分为5组，每组3个重复，每重复8头猪，自由采食和自由饮水．试验设计为：第Ⅰ组为对照组，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在每公斤基础日粮中分别加入250rag、500rag糖萜素，第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在每公斤基础日粮中分别加入250mg糖萜素＋4mg黄霉素、4mg黄霉素，结果表明：①糖萜素与黄霉素单用及联用均能提高仔猪血清中’IP、GLO和G／A的值。而以第Ⅲ组的效果最好．②糖萜素与黄霉素单用及联用均能显著提高血清IgA（P〈0．01），与对照组相比分别提高43．21%、104．89％、73．21％、27．74％，IgG（P〈0．05）而对IgM无显著影响（P〉0．05），CD3均有一定程度的提高（P〉0．05）．③血清中BUN试验组比对照组分别提高2．67％、2．96％、2．8l％、2．52％，各试验组间差异不显著（P〉0．05），对血清中GLU影响不大．④血清中GOT、GPT、ALK（均有所提高，但差异不显著（P〉0．05），而LDH活性与对照组相比分别下降2．7l％、4．02％、2．96％、1．65％，糖萜素与黄霉素的联合应用表现一定的协同作用，但效果不显著．     

褐土中磷镉交互作用对磷镉有效性影响

为了阐明磷与镉在土壤-植物系统中交互作用机制,通过施用磷肥提高镉污染土壤修复效率,通过室内培养试验研究了磷镉交互作用对磷镉有效性影响。在供试褐土中磷、镉分别以不同处理培养90 d后,接近自然状态下对磷、镉进行吸附、解吸。结果表明:(1)在磷镉同时加入时,速效P的质量分数随着施Cd质量浓度的升高而显著降低,在磷质量分数一定时,施镉降低了土壤中磷的有效性。(2)培养的含磷土壤对不同质量浓度镉吸附解吸时,褐土对镉的吸附量随着磷质量分数的增加而增加,此结果与(1)有一定的差异,可能的原因是向土壤中添加磷镉的顺序不同所造成的。     

Genetic variability in littoral gastropods: Phosphoglucose isomerase and phosphoglucomutase in Patella vulgata and P. aspera

Genetic variability of the phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) loci are compared in Patella vulgata L. and P. aspera Lamark from two sites on the west and south coasts of Ireland. P. vulgata was less variable than P. aspera at these 2 loci, and in only 1 of 7 other loci briefly examined was P. vulgata more variable. Evidence is also presented that the PGI enzyme in P. vulgata is more stable at high temperature than that of P aspera. The significance of these observations is discussed in the light of, the different zonal distributions of these species on the shore.     

水稻磷效率差异的生理生化特性

以磷效率差异显著的IR71379—2B—10—2—3-1(磷低效型)、IR7133l-2B-2-1(中间型)及IR74(磷高效型)3个品种为供试材料，采用水培法研究了它们对磷的吸收效率、运输效率及植株体内磷的利用效率，进而研究了其对低磷胁迫的根系形态学和生理生化机制的适应性反应．结果表明：水稻磷效率的高低是由基因型对磷的吸收效率，运输效率及利用效率综合作用的结果．磷高效基因型IR74和磷效率表现为中间型的IR71331-2B-2-1具有高的磷吸收效率．旺盛的根系生长，高的根系活力，Km、Cmin小，Imax大及相对酸性磷酸酯酶(APase)活性高等是水稻对磷高效吸收的特征．但品种不同特征也有别，本试验中的IR74对磷高的吸收效率主要是由于根系生长旺盛，根系吸收面积大所致，而IR71331-2B-2-1高的磷吸收效率则主要缘于根系活力强，Imax大．低磷胁迫下，叶片中核糖核酸酶的活性也大大升高，约是对照的10～15倍，但品种间无显著差异．图2表6参21     

磷、砷双重胁迫对不同耐低磷水稻苗期生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

以1个耐低磷和1个低磷敏感水稻为材料,通过土培试验研究磷、砷双重胁迫对水稻苗期生物学特性及磷、砷吸收的影响,并比较不同品种之间的差异.结果表明,相同磷水平下,外加砷浓度为小于25 mg/kg时,水稻的生物量、叶宽、株高、SPAD值及磷吸收量均随砷浓度的增加而增加,当砷浓度达到50 mg/kg时开始下降,两个品种表现相同趋势.说明少量砷可以刺激水稻生长,促进磷的吸收,砷用量过多则抑制水稻的生长及磷的吸收.相同砷水平下,水稻生物学性状及磷、砷吸收量随磷用量的增加而增加,两个品种亦表现相同趋势.说明适当施磷肥可以缓解砷对水稻生长的抑制作用.上述结果表明,低浓度的磷、砷具有协同效应,高浓度的磷、砷表现拮抗作用.此外,相同磷、砷水平下,供试耐低磷水稻的生物学性状及其相对值较低磷敏感水稻大;但相对磷吸收量(除磷处理为150 mg/kg外)比低磷敏感水稻小,而砷吸收量及其相对值均比低磷敏感水稻多,这可能与二者的磷营养特性及水稻对磷和砷的竞争吸收有关.图7表1参19     

磷水平对不同耐低磷水稻苗根系生长及氮、磷、钾吸收的影响

选取3个耐低磷水稻基因型99011、580和99112及1个磷敏感基因型99056为材料，采用营养液培养，比较了它们在不同磷水平下苗期根系的生长状况及对氮、磷、钾的吸收情况，结果表明，耐低磷基因型适应低磷的能力较强，它们具有较长的根系、较大的根体积和根干重，其中99011和580表现尤为突出，且它们的根系受磷水平变化的影响明显小于敏感基因型99056；0．081～0．161mmol／L的磷处理更有利于耐低磷基因型根系的发育，并且促进氮和钾的吸收，此时，植株能够吸收较正常磷处理更多的氮和钾；而磷敏感基因型99056吸收氮和钾的量随供磷水平的下降而减少，并且吸收磷的总量受磷水平变化的影响显著较3个耐低磷基因型大。     

Defense mechanisms and antipredator behavior in two sympatric species of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus and P. guttatus

The congeneric spiny lobsters Panulirus argus and P. guttatus co-occur throughout the Caribbean Sea, where they may share the coral reef habitat. Despite their phylogenetic closeness, both species have many different life-history traits that may partially explain their coexistence. However, even though both species may face the same predators, their defense mechanisms and antipredator strategies had not been compared. We compared the performance between species in 18 morphological and behavioral defense mechanisms commonly expressed by most spiny lobsters, including predator-avoidance mechanisms (activity schedule, sheltering behavior, delay to disturbance, and effect of conspecific damage-released scents on shelter choice) as well as antipredator mechanisms (body size, several parameters of the escape response and limb autospasy, clinging strength, antennal strength, and cooperative defense). As hypothesized, both species expressed all these defense mechanisms (except cooperative defense, shown only by P. argus), reflecting their phylogenetic closeness, but performed significantly differently in most, in accordance with their particular ontogenetic traits. Their comparative performance in individual defense mechanisms as well as the antipredator strategies displayed by groups of lobsters of each species in the presence of a common predator (the triggerfish Balistes vetula) showed that, in general, the defensive behavioral type of P. argus is more bold and that of P. guttatus more shy. Therefore, their distinct defensive behaviors contribute to their niche differentiation.     

Controls over foliar N:P ratios in tropical rain forests

Correlations between foliar nutrient concentrations and soil nutrient availability have been found in multiple ecosystems. These relationships have led to the use of foliar nutrients as an index of nutrient status and to the prediction of broadscale patterns in ecosystem processes. More recently, a growing interest in ecological stoichiometry has fueled multiple analyses of foliar nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios within and across ecosystems. These studies have observed that N:P values are generally elevated in tropical forests when compared to higher latitude ecosystems, adding weight to a common belief that tropical forests are generally N rich and P poor. However, while these broad generalizations may have merit, their simplicity masks the enormous environmental heterogeneity that exists within the tropics; such variation includes large ranges in soil fertility and climate, as well as the highest plant species diversity of any biome. Here we present original data on foliar N and P concentrations from 150 mature canopy tree species in Costa Rica and Brazil, and combine those data with a comprehensive new literature synthesis to explore the major sources of variation in foliar N:P values within the tropics. We found no relationship between N:P ratios and either latitude or mean annual precipitation within the tropics alone. There is, however, evidence of seasonal controls; in our Costa Rica sites, foliar N:P values differed by 25% between wet and dry seasons. The N:P ratios do vary with soil P availability and/or soil order, but there is substantial overlap across coarse divisions in soil type, and perhaps the most striking feature of the data set is variation at the species level. Taken as a whole, our results imply that the dominant influence on foliar N:P ratios in the tropics is species variability and that, unlike marine systems and perhaps many other terrestrial biomes, the N:P stoichiometry of tropical forests is not well constrained. Thus any use of N:P ratios in the tropics to infer larger-scale ecosystem processes must comprehensively account for the diversity of any given site and recognize the broad range in nutrient requirements, even at the local scale.     

Field studies on 32P movement and P leaching from flooded paddy soils in the region of Taihu Lake, China

Field experiments were done in two sites, Yixing and Changshu, Jiangsu province, China, to study P movement and leaching in flooded paddy soils. P movement in soil was investigated by using the KH2 32PO4 tracker method, and the amount of P leached from the soil layer in different depths was estimated by measuring P concentrations in the soil solution and saturated hydraulic conductivities in field. Determination was done about one month after P application. There was 46% and 42% of total 32P retained in the 0-5cm layer of soil in the Yixing site and in the Changshu site respectively. The 32P retained in the 25-30 cm layer was only about 1-2% of the total 32P added. Furthermore, 8.01% of 32P in the soil of Yixing site and 16.8% of 32P in the soil of Changshu site was lost from the layer 0-30 cm soil. The seasonal amounts of P leached from the top soil layer and from bottom layer are about 4.5-5.8% and 1.6-2.1% of the total P application, respectively. Changes of total P concentrations in soil solutions during rice growth showed that the fertilizer P applied before flooding of the paddy fields suffered a flash leaching loss and a slow leaching loss. We concluded that the fertilizer P could quickly move in the flooded paddy rice field and parts of it can enter into surface water and ground water. Unless the P application is well managed the risk of P loss and consequently environmental pollution exist.     

Field Studies on 32P Movement and P Leaching from Flooded Paddy Soils in the Region of Taihu Lake, China

Field experiments were done in two sites, Yixing and Changshu, Jiangsu province, China, to study P movement and leaching in flooded paddy soils. P movement in soil was investigated by using the KH₂ ³²PO₄ tracker method, and the amount of P leached from the soil layer in different depths was estimated by measuring P concentrations in the soil solution and saturated hydraulic conductivities in field. Determination was done about one month after P application. There was 46% and 42% of total ³²P retained in the 0–5cm layer of soil in the Yixing site and in the Changshu site respectively. The ³²P retained in the 25–30 cm layer was only about 1–2% of the total ³²P added. Furthermore, 8.01% of ³²P in the soil of Yixing site and 16.8% of ³²P in the soil of Changshu site was lost from the layer 0–30cm soil. The seasonal amounts of P leached from the top soil layer and from bottom layer are about 4.5–5.8% and 1.6–2.1% of the total P application, respectively. Changes of total P concentrations in soil solutions during rice growth showed that the fertilizer P applied before flooding of the paddy fields suffered a flash leaching loss and a slow leaching loss. We concluded that the fertilizer P could quickly move in the flooded paddy rice field and parts of it can enter into surface water and ground water. Unless the P application is well managed the risk of P loss and consequently environmental pollution exist.     

砷胁迫下水磷耦合对不同磷效率水稻根表铁膜及其各部位砷含量的影响

为探索缓解水稻砷毒害的农艺措施,以耐低磷水稻99011和低磷敏感水稻99012为材料,通过土培试验,研究水分、磷用量及其交互作用对不同砷浓度酸性土壤中水稻根表铁膜以及植物体内砷分配的影响。结果表明,节水灌溉(干湿交替)明显减少水稻根表铁膜量,降低铁膜、根系、秸秆、颖壳和精米中的砷含量。与30mg·kg-1P2O5相比,180mg·kg-1P2O5能明显减少两个品种水稻的根表铁膜量以及根系和秸秆中的砷含量;对耐低磷品种铁膜砷含量影响不大,但显著降低磷敏感品种铁膜砷含量;在50mg·kg-1砷处理中增加磷用量对水稻颖壳砷含量影响不大,在100mg·kg-1砷处理时能显著降低颖壳砷含量;增加磷用量可明显增加耐低磷品种的精米砷含量,降低磷敏感品种的精米砷含量。水、磷交互效应主要受水分效应的影响。加砷处理后,相同处理下耐低磷品种的根表铁膜量和铁膜中的砷含量显著高于磷敏感品种,而根系、秸秆、颖壳和精米中的砷含量则相反。研究表明,可以通过节水灌溉,并根据砷污染程度和植物磷营养特性确定适当的磷肥用量,从而减少砷在水稻体内的累积,提高食品安全。