Hydraulic characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor as onsite wastewater treatment system

The feasibility of using anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)as onsite wastewater treatment system was discussed.The ABR consisted of one sedimentation chamber and three up-flow chambers in series was experimented under different peak flow factors(PFF of 1 to 6),superficial gas velocities(between 0.6 and 3.1 cm/hr)and hydraulic retention times(HRT)(24,36 and 48 hr).Residence time distribution(RTD)analyses were carried out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of the ABR.It was found that the PFF resulted in hydraulic dead space.The dead space did not exceed 13% at PFF of 1,2 and 4 while there was 2-fold increase(26%)at PFF of 6.Superficial gas velocities did not result in more(biological)dead space.The mixing pattern of ABR tended to be a completelymixed reactor when PFF increased.Superficial gas velocities did not affect mixing pattern.The effects of PFF on mixing pattern could be minimized by higher HRT(48 hr).The tank-in-series(TIS)model(N=4)was suitable to describe the hydraulic behaviour of the studied system.The HRT of 48 hr was able to maintain the mixing pattern under different flow patterns,introducing satisfactory hydraulic efficiency.Chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total suspended solids(TSS)removals under all flow patterns were achieved more than 85% and 90%,respectively.The standard deviation of effluent COD and TSS concentration did not exceed 15 mg/L.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.     

ABR处理乳品废水的研究

在中温条件下采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理乳品废水厌氧产氢发酵后的出水,研究了反应器的启动情况,考察了pH和HRT对运行效果的影响,并对有无添加填料的两种ABR的性能进行了比较。结果表明:采用固定HRT并逐步增大进水浓度的启动方式,反应器能在88 d内完成启动。在pH为7～8,HRT为24～48 h时,ABR对COD和SS均有较好的去除效果。当进水COD为3 000 mg/L、SS为200mg/L左右、容积负荷1.5～3 kg COD/(m.3d)时,COD去除率达95%以上,SS去除率在84%以上。在ABR中加入聚乙烯多孔小球填料,可使反应器有更强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

HRT对ABR处理低浓度废水的效果和颗粒污泥特征的影响

采用效果检测、粒度分布与分形等方法,研究了ABR处理低浓度废水时水力停留时间(HRT)对其运行状况和颗粒污泥特征的影响.结果表明,随着HRT从24 h逐渐缩短到5 h,反应器保持了较高的有机物去除效果,运行稳定阶段的COD去除率多在90%以上,主要承担COD去除的格室由反应器的前2格逐渐过渡到中间3格室;反应器后面格室颗粒污泥的MLSS值随着HRT的缩短总体也呈增加趋势,MLVSS/MLSS值先降低后升高,前3个格室的MLVSS/MLSS值高于后2个格室的趋势越来越明显.分形维数和粒度的变化表明,HRT为24 h和18 h时,ABR中颗粒污泥呈现表面光滑、结构密实和粒径逐渐增大的特点;HRT为12 h和8 h时,形成大而中空、表面相对不规则的疏松颗粒污泥; HRT为5 h时,水力扰动破碎、筛分以及微生物修补作用的综合影响导致颗粒污泥粒径减小、表面光滑、结构密实.在同一HRT下,ABR不同格室中颗粒污泥D1和D2呈现出相反的变化趋势,显示了沿着ABR格室,颗粒污泥表面变得光滑时对应的结构比较密实的特征.     

不同HRT下污水中有机物在ABR中的转化过程及污泥形态特征

采用效果检测、粒径分布与电镜扫描等方法,研究厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）在不同水力停留时间（HRT）下污水中有机物（COD）的转化过程及污泥形态变化特征.结果表明,HRT从15 h到4 h的各运行阶段,COD去除率稳定在90.0%以上.沿程分析表明,当HRT为10、7.5、5和4 h时,ABR第一隔室分别承担约90%、78.56%、74.18%及58.91%的去碳比重,且承担COD去除的主要功能隔室由第一隔室过渡到第一、二隔室.随着HRT缩短,ABR第一隔室中挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）总量显著上升.组成分析知,乙酸在总VFAs的比重由51.36%逐渐升高至58.77%,丁酸、丙酸含量相对较少,变化较小.随着运行时间推移,ABR中污泥形态发生显著变化,到111 d时,基本实现颗粒化;同时,沿水流方向颗粒化程度呈递减趋势.扫描电镜（SEM）观察显示,ABR一定程度上存在生物相分离现象,各隔室分别以丝状菌、甲烷多球菌、单球菌和杆菌为主.     

HRT对瓷粒BAF处理生活污水效能的影响

通过实验室模型试验研究了瓷粒曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的效能,分析了在气水比一定的条件下,水力停留时间(HRT)变化对曝气生物滤池处理效能及运行特性的影响规律。考察了不同HRT运行下,COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、SS等指标的变化,结果表明,当进水COD为280～320mg/L,气水比为3:1,HRT为10h的条件下,处理效果最好,其中COD、NH4+-N、TN、SS的平均去除率分别为92.6%、97.8%、34.7%、84.2%。当HRT逐渐降低时,以上指标的去除效果都有所下降,但去除效能的下降与HRT的降低不呈线性关系。当HRT降至3h,去除效能有一定程度的上升,COD、NH4+-N、TN、SS的去除率有所增加。     

纤维乙醇黑液处理

采用微电解＋厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）＋上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）＋膜生物反应器（MBR）组合工艺对纤维乙醇黑液进行处理。结果表明：当黑液中COD质量浓度在12000mg／L左右,该组合工艺中厌氧停留时间（HRT）为48h时,厌氧COD去除率达到72％,MBR中的HRT为20h时,COD的去除率在80．8％～87．5％之间,出水COD质量浓度稳定在301～537mg／L．且MBR抗冲击负荷能力较强。     

高效厌氧折流板反应器分区进水的启动实验

分区进水厌氧折流板反应器内设填料,以二沉池活性污泥接种挂膜培养厌氧酸化菌,反应器四个格室的进水比为4:3:2:1,以单侧进水ABR作比较。实验研究了在HRT=8h,有机负荷约为0.8kgCOD/m·3d,运行15d后,改变运行参数为HRT=4h,在条件相同的情况下,实验第23d后,分区进水ABR反应器的出水COD效果好于单侧进水。在运行60d时COD去除率平均保持在35%,可认为分区进水ABR的启动成功。     

ABR-BAF组合工艺处理制革综合废水

针对制革综合废水有机污染浓度高的特点,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-曝气生物滤池(BAF)新工艺处理,试验研究了ABR和BAF的启动以及水力停留时间(HRT)、有机负荷及其他因素对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:ABR在HRT为12 h、水温25～37℃,BAF在HRT为2.5 h、DO≥2.0 mg/L的条件下,组合工艺对制革综合废水的COD平均去除率达88%,出水COD、SS、色度、总铬等指标达DB 44/26—2001《广东省地方标准水污染物排放限值》一级标准。     

ABR反应器中COD/SO_4~(2-)值和硫酸盐负荷对SO_4~(2-)去除影响

利用厌氧折流板反应器,分别考察了反应器启动,及不同COD/SO42-比值和硫酸盐负荷对模拟废水中SO42-去除的影响。实验在(32±0.1)℃,pH为6.0⁶.5的条件下连续运行。结果表明:ABR经过约90 d的启动驯化阶段后,进水硫酸盐及COD浓度分别为1 500 mg/L和3 000 mg/L,水力停留时间为12 h条件下,硫酸盐去除率达到了92%。固定COD/SO42-比值为2.5时,随着进水SO42-浓度的增加(1 5006.5的条件下连续运行。结果表明:ABR经过约90 d的启动驯化阶段后,进水硫酸盐及COD浓度分别为1 500 mg/L和3 000 mg/L,水力停留时间为12 h条件下,硫酸盐去除率达到了92%。固定COD/SO42-比值为2.5时,随着进水SO42-浓度的增加(1 500³ 500 mg/L),SO42-去除率逐渐下降,最低为60%,相反SO42-去除速率随着硫酸盐浓度的增加而增加,最大为7.98 kg(/m3.d);维持恒定的硫酸盐浓度(1 500 mg/L),逐渐缩短水力停留时间以提高反应器中硫酸盐负荷,SO42-去除率呈现先上升后下降的复杂变化趋势,当水力停留时间为6 h时,SO42-去除率达到最大;随着COD/SO42-比值的提高,硫酸盐去除能力增强,且反应体系对硫酸盐负荷的耐受能力也逐渐增强。     

HBR反应器处理畜禽养殖废水实验研究

文章将好氧工艺应用到压氧折流扳反应器中形成新型的复合折流板反应器(HBR),研究了HBR反应器对畜禽养殖废水COD和NH4+-N的去除效果,考察了反应器的挂膜性能、水力停留时间的影响和各个格室的去除效果、实验结果表明,HBR反应器对畜禽养殖废水具有较好的处理效果,在进水COD浓度、NF4+-N浓度和水力停留时间分别为9...     

免烧粉煤灰陶粒作为BAF填料处理城市污水

以电厂粉煤灰为主要试验原料,辅以外加药剂(水泥、石灰、石膏、水玻璃),经混合、成球、陈化和养护等工序,制得免烧粉煤灰陶粒,并将其作为曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺的载体填料处理城市污水.待挂膜启动成功后,考察了水力停留时间( HRT)、COD负荷、氨氮负荷对COD和氨氮去除效果的影响.实验结果表明:在温度为18～21℃、气...     

Biological sulfate removal from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using a two-stage UASB reactor

A two-stage UASB reactor was employed to remove sulfate from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater. Mesophilic operation (35±0.5℃) was performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied between 28 and 40 hr. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor was maintained about 8000 mg/L. The results indicated that sulfate removal was enhanced with increasing the ratio of COD/SO₄^2-. At low COD/SO₄^2-, the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was carbon-limited. The optimal sulfate removal efficiencies were 75% when the HRT was no less than 38 hr. Sulfidogenesis mainly happened in the sulfate-reducing stage, while methanogenesis in the methane-producing stage. Microbes in sulfate-reducing stage performed granulation better than that in methane-producing stage. Higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content in sulfate-reducing stage helped to adhere and connect the flocculent sludge particles together. SRB accounted for about 31% both in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage at COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 0.5, while it dropped dramatically from 34% in sulfate-reducing stage to 10% in methane-producing stage corresponding to the COD/SO₄^2- ratio of 4.7. SRB and MPA were predominant in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage respectively.     

厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)处理生活垃圾快速机械脱除水实验研究

采用厌氧序批式反应器处理生活垃圾快速机械脱除水,研究了常温与中温反应器启动及运行过程中有机物的去除效率,以及稳定运行过程中单个周期的运行特性。结果表明:中温ASBR具有较高的生活垃圾快速机械脱除水预处理效能,当进水COD为9 000~13 000 mg/L,HRT为48 h时,中温ASBR对COD的去除率为95%以上,每去除1 g COD能产生沼气428.5 mL。生活垃圾快速机械脱除水在处理的过程中能产生一定的碱度,中温ASBR出水pH较进水的更高,稳定在6.8~8.0。在研究典型周期运行特性时,发现中温及常温下ASBR处理生活垃圾快速机械脱除水的最短水力停留时间分别为9,14 h,中温ASBR处理机械脱除水更具优势,酸化风险亦较低。     

皮革废水对ABR分区进水微生物相的影响研究

在制革废水ρ(COD)=3 000～3 200 mg/L,HRT=24 h时,采用六格室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),在1、3、5格室以5∶3∶2的比例进水,通过COD、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、辅酶F420等指标的变化研究反应器各格室的微生物相分布情况。结果表明:COD和VFA在3,5格室分别出现下降和升高,整体性能稳定,而格室内微生物种群大致相同但优势菌群有所差异,前端格室以产酸菌为主,后端格室以甲烷菌为主。     

ABR处理大豆蛋白废水的效能及微生物群落动态分析

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用有效容积为28 L的四格室ABR,通过为期100 d的运行,研究了基于进水COD浓度提高的有机负荷(OLR)改变对其处理效能的影响,并以真细菌的通用引物SRV3-2P和BSF8/20,通过单链构象多态性(SSCP)和UPGMA群落聚类分析,对反应器运行过程中微生物菌落结构的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,以啤酒厂二沉池排放的好氧剩余污泥为种泥.在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1、进水COD浓度2 000mg·L-1、HRT 39.5 h、(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31 d内成功启动ABR并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;ABR具有较强的抗OLR冲击能力,当OLR由1.2 kg·(m3·d)-1逐步提高到6.0 kg·(m3·d)-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右;OLR的改变,对ABR内微生物群落的结构以及不同微生物类群在各格室中的分布具有显著影响,随着OLR的逐步提高,ABR各格室微生物的遗传距离逐渐拉大.特异性随之增加,表现出显著的生物相分离特征.     

ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮特性

CANON工艺如能处理低氨氮城市生活污水,将大幅度降低市政污水处理能耗.故以纤维载体为填料,在CSTR反应器中同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器,且在CANON系统前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺,研究ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮性能,并采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,通过同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥,控制DO为0. 5～2 mg·L-1、HRT为6h、p H值为8左右等措施,在55 d内成功启动CANON系统,TN去除率为81%～87%,氨氮负荷为0. 195 kg·(m3·d)-1. ABR除碳系统出水有机物浓度(120 mg·L-1)不会对后续CANON系统产生不利影响,一体式ABR除碳-CANON工艺TN去除率在74%～87%,出水COD平均浓度为40 mg·L-1.同时,CANON系统启动后变形菌门(Proteobacteria)得到了显著提升,鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria)所占比例下降为6. 8%,CANON系统中亚硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌不断淘汰劣势菌群成为反应器内优势菌群,一体化ABR除碳-CANON工艺对城市污水具有良好的脱氮除碳效果.     

升流式厌氧污泥层反应器水力混合特性研究

对升流式氧污泥层反应器在常温下处理生活污水启动，培养颗粒污泥及运行的水力混合问题进行了系统研究，试验结果表明，当ＨＲＴ在４．２８－１１．７０ｈ时，死区容积只占反应器总容积的２．１％－６．７＾。反应器在实际运行中可忽略不良水力混合的影响，水力负荷和沼气容积产量共同影响水流流速在升流方向上的均匀性，它们在离散数Ｄ之间存在着如下关系；Ｄ＝０．００３３Ｌ＋０．０４５Ｇ＋０．０７３。     

常温下内循环厌氧反应器的启动研究

研究了内循环厌氧反应器(IC反应器)在常温下处理葡萄糖配水的启动特性。结果表明:在运行温度为25~35℃的条件下,反应器经70 d启动完成,且IC反应器具有较好的处理效果,反应器内能形成大量的颗粒污泥。启动完成后,进水COD浓度在3 000 mg/L左右时,COD去除率一直保持在95%以上,出水COD浓度维持在200 mg/L左右。当HRT为5.8 h,容积负荷为11.9 kg/(m3.d)时,出水VFA低于200 mg/L,产气量为33 L/d,反应器运行正常。