Nestmate recognition in social wasps: manipulation of hydrocarbon profiles induces aggression in the European hornet

The influence of individual cuticular hydrocarbons on nestmate recognition in the European hornet, Vespa crabro L., was investigated. We observed the behavioural response of workers towards differently treated dead conspecifics in a bioassay. Dummies were extracted with dichloromethane and extracts were spiked with microgram amounts of synthetic hydrocarbons naturally occurring on the cuticle of V. crabro. These modified extracts were reapplied to extracted workers that were subsequently tested in the bioassay. Non-spiked nestmate dummies (negative control) and untreated non-nestmate dummies (positive control) were tested in control experiments. The addition of only heneicosane or a mixture of heneicosane, tricosane, and (Z)-9-tricosene to the extracts led to a significant increase of agonistic behaviour in workers leaving the nest for foraging flights. Returning workers reacted much less aggressively than those leaving. This is one of the first behavioural proofs that manipulation of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles can be perceived by a social insect species. The results support the hypothesis that colony-specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are involved in the phenomenon of nestmate recognition among social insects.     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物中石油烃污染特征

根据2004~2009年丰水期对长江口及邻近海域的调查监测资料,研究了沉积物中石油烃的时空分布特征及污染情况,分析了其影响机理.结果表明,石油烃平均含量为176.25mg/kg,沉积物无石油烃污染;沉积物中石油烃空间分布格局整体上呈由近岸向远岸递减的趋势,陆源输送、水动力条件、细颗粒物质的吸附以及絮凝作用是控制石油烃分布的主要因素;调查海域空间分布尺度上可以划分为4个海域,MDS排序分析以及ANOSIM检验均支持了划分结果;沉积物中石油烃含量为近岸最大浑浊带最高,其次为近岸区和泥质区,在远岸区则常年存在一个石油烃含量的低值区.     

分离海洋不动杆菌及其对石油烃降解性能研究

石油降解菌在石油污染生物修复技术中起到非常重要的作用。本研究分别以渤海湾油污区采集的水样,油样,水油泥混合样为材料富集分离石油降解菌,对其进行生理生化及分子生物学鉴定,并采用GC-MS测定烷烃、环烃、芳香烃等石油烃组分的变化。其中3株菌具有较高石油烃降解能力,16SrRNA序列分析表明该3株菌均与不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）有99%序列相似性,可初步鉴定为不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）。3株菌的石油烃降解能力依次为Tust-DM21＞Tust-DC12＞Tust-DW04,对原油成分的降解效果依次为烷烃＞芳香烃＞环烃。其中菌株Tust-DM21为一株高效石油烃降解菌,28℃于富集培养基培养10 d后,对烷烃（C10~C30）的降解率可达98%,对芳香烃和环烃的降解率达88%。研究表明,Tust-DM21菌株对烷烃,环烃,芳香烃都有较强的降解能力,是一株具有较好开发前景的石油降解菌。     

Natural hydrocarbon emissions in the United Kingdom

Natural hydrocarbon emissions from both forests and agricultural lands have been estimated on a regional basis for the U.K. The results of this study suggest total emissions are significantly higher than is currently accepted, with the major forested areas of Scotland, Wales and the north of England dominating the area contributions. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emitted from natural sources are estimated at 211 × 10³ tC yr⁻¹ which represents 13% of the total NMHC emissions in the U.K.     

芳烃羟化酶与鲫鱼组织富集多环芳烃和代谢释放的关系

为了解芳烃羟化酶与多环芳烃在鱼体内代谢的相互关系,揭示多环芳烃在生物体中的分布、迁移和转化规律,采用放射性同位素示踪方法,研究了多环芳烃¹⁴C－2,6－二甲基萘在鲫鱼鳃、肝、肌肉、胆、脂肪、肾等7种组织中的富集和释放;对鲫鱼各组织富集的多环芳烃释放与芳烃羟化酶（AHH）的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,鲫鱼7种组织均能对多环芳烃富集,不同组织表现出不同的富集水平和释放水平;多环芳烃在鱼体中的释放速度与芳烃羟化酶活力水平及其酶促产物呈负相关。     

多环芳烃共代谢对苯并[a]蒽微生物降解的影响及机制

利用14C同位素示踪技术,研究土壤中菲、蒽、芘3种底物对苯并[a]蒽(BaA)环境归趋的影响,高通量测序解析细菌群落响应.结果表明,3种底物均可以促进BaA的降解,添加蒽作为共代谢底物后,BaA矿化率比对照提高了2.5％,而添加菲、芘时,14C在土壤的结合态比对照升高4％,达总添加量的31％.共代谢底物改变了细菌共生网...     

Non-methane hydrocarbon and aldehyde measurements in Budapest,Hungary

During three summer measuring campaigns the atmospheric concentration of non-methane hydrocarbons and aldehydes were measured at two sites in Budapest. Two hundred and forty-five flask samples were analyzed for non-methane hydrocarbon concentration and hydrocarbon composition. For formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentration 185 and 122 samples were analyzed, respectively. The total non-methane hydrocarbon concentration shows a characteristic diurnal variation with a peak between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. At the two sites the average concentrations between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. are 802 and 606 ppbC, respectively. Comparing the speciation of hydrocarbons in the air of Budapest with that measured in other cities we have realized a relative surplus in C₆ alkanes which is balanced by the low contribution of C₃–C₄ alkanes.Both the formaldehyde and acetyldehyde concentration were found rather high. In the downtown the average concentrations are 10.4 and 4.4 ppb, while 3 km away from the center of the city the corresponding values are 28.0 and 5.8 ppb.     

南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特性及其垂向输运规律

根据“中韩黄海水循环动力学合作研究”项目１９９６～１９９８年６个航次的调查资料，对南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特征及其垂向输运规律进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（１）南黄海中北部（３４～３７°Ｎ），除冬季营养盐呈垂直均匀分布外，其他季节在远岸海域则呈现明显的层化现象，且在某些海域营养盐等值线呈上凸趋势或呈马鞍形分布，这与生物活动和黄海冷水团及其垂直环流有关；在近岸浅水区，营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布。（２）南黄海南部（３４°Ｎ以南）：西侧浅水区（水深＜４０ｍ），营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布且含量很高；东侧深水区，冬、春季营养盐垂直分布均匀且含量较低，夏、秋季时由于来自东海北部的冷水沿坡爬升，营养盐等值线呈极明显的上凸趋势。     

浙江沿岸海域海洋动物体内的石油烃水平

报道了浙江沿岸32种海洋动物体中的石油烃含量。结果表明，海洋动物体内的石油烃含量明显有软体类＞甲壳类＞鱼类的趋势；海洋动物的石油烃含量还与它们的生活方式有关，其含量有定居性动物＞游泳能力弱动物＞游泳能力强动物的特征；比较了各类海洋动物内石油烃在浙江沿岸不同海域的含量水平，还与国内外其他海域的海洋动物体内的石油烃含量作了比较。     

莱州湾表层沉积物中石油烃污染评价及分布特征

根据2013－2018年莱州湾海域5个航次的监测数据,评价分析了表层沉积物的石油烃污染状况和空间分布特征。结果表明,莱州湾沉积物中石油烃含量范围为未检出～377.00 mg/kg,平均值为63.34 mg/kg,污染程度较轻微;各监测站位、年际之间的石油烃含量空间离散程度较高,差异显著性不明显,聚类相似度较低并且分组不明显;沉积物中石油烃含量空间分布趋势总体一致,呈均匀空间分布,局部区域存在含量高值区。分析结果表明,港口航运等人类活动是影响石油烃分布主导因素;沉积物中石油烃含量年际变化不明显,各监测站位年际变化较明显区域均呈SE－NW（东南－西北）方向分布。     

Spatiotemporal variation of methane and other trace hydrocarbon concentrations in the Valley of Mexico

Mexico City is the world’s largest and most polluted urban center. We examine the distribution of methane and other hydrocarbons within the Valley of Mexico, using it as a model for the role developing megacities will play in the next century of geochemical cycling. Seventy-five whole air samples were analyzed with multivariate statistical techniques, including factor analysis using principal components. Methane concentrations are highly variable in space and time, due to air circulations and source distribution. Landfills and open sewage canals are major inputs. Emissions into and out from the valley are modeled to be ∼515 t per day. Per capita emission is 0.01 t per annum per person, consistent with the global average for human related anaerobic generation. Natural gas leaks are small, and likely to be higher in other developing megacities; Mexican natural gas use has been discouraged out of earthquake safety concerns. In contrast, liquefied petroleum gas loss constitutes the major emission of propane and butane estimated at a leak rate of 5–10%. Kyoto and other environmental conventions have ignored methane as a greenhouse gas. Our analysis underscores the need to consider methane and other hydrocarbons, and the urbanization process, in future emission protocols.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in rain and street runoff in Amman, Jordan

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in the rain and street runoff samples from two sites in the vicinity of Amman City during the pluvial period 1999--2000. The results showed that elevated levels of PAHs were detected in the city center(site 1 ) than the residential area( site 2) and that the levels were higher in street runoff than rain samples of the same sites. The highest concentration of PAHs in both street runoff and rain samples were observed in the first rainy month( November 1999) which indicated a wash out effect of PAHs originating from vehicular emission accumulated during the long dry summer season before sampling. Within the investigated cold winter seasons, fluctuations in PAHs concentration were observed. The variation was attributed to the fossil combustion for heating purposes and to intervals between rainfalls: as the longer the intervals between rains were, the higher the PAH concentration were. Removal of PAHs from the atmosphere through precipitation over the investigated period varied with time and places depending on the amount of rainfall where higher rainfall removed higher amount of PAHs from the almosphere. The amount of PAHs washed out through precipitation was estimated to be around 14.8 mg/m^2 and 21.1 mg/m^2 for sites 1 and 2 respectively.     

紫外分光光度法测定贻贝体内石油烃的方法研究

选择贻贝为试样，经皂化后用ＣＨ２Ｃｌ２萃取，提取物经氧化铝柱脱色，浓缩后的样品溶于正已烷中，用紫外分光光度计在２２５ｎｍ和２５４ｎｍ波长上分别进行测定，结果表明，用波长２５４ｎｍ测定贻贝中的石油烃要比２２５ｎｍ的测定效果好；对脱色实验做了研究，用加标实验法计算了两波长测定结果的回收率（９８．８％￣１１０％），检测限分别是０．６２×１０＾－６（２２５ｎｍ）和０．０５２×１０＾－６（２５４ｎｍ）。     

合成树脂行业挥发性有机物排放成分谱及影响

使用SUMMA罐采集华东地区5类典型合成树脂企业有组织排口样品,通过气相色质联用技术（GC-MS）定量分析106种VOCs,计算了合成树脂行业排放量、排放系数和不确定性,分析了VOCs的排放特征和臭氧生成潜势,建立了5类合成树脂VOCs排放成分谱.结果表明：合成树脂企业VOCs排放量为346~3467kg/a,5类合成树脂排放系数为0.06~1.24g/kg,其中涂料树脂（CR）类企业排放量和排放系数均最大.芳香烃、含氧烃（OVOCs）和卤代烃是合成树脂行业VOCs排放基本组分,累计占比范围是73.2%~98.3%.涂料树脂、酚醛树脂（PF）、聚氨酯（PU）、共聚物树脂（ABS）和聚碳酸酯（PC）特征污染物分别为：甲基异丁基酮、苯、甲苯、苯乙烯和二氯甲烷.合成树脂企业臭氧生成潜势（OFP）为22.7~202.5mg/m³,源反应性（SR）为0.3~4.6g/g,CR类企业OFP和SR均最大.合成树脂行业SR处于各行业平均水平.芳香烃、OVOCs和烯炔烃是合成树脂行业的主要光化学活性组分,累计OFP贡献率为64.1%~100.0%,苯、甲苯、甲基异丁基酮、乙烯、苯乙烯是合成树脂行业关键活性物种.研究显示,合成树脂行业VOCs治理应管控芳香烃和OVOCs的排放,重视污染物恶臭问题和卤代烃溶剂的危害,减排VOCs排放量大、臭氧生成能力强的CR类企业.     

天津表层土中饱和烃污染物的组成及分布特征

分析了天津地区主要环境功能区表层土样品中烃类污染物的组成特征.结果表明,不同环境功能区表层土中均分布有多种类型的饱和烃污染物,主要包括正构烷烃,无环类异戊间二烯烷烃,单甲基支链烷烃,烷基环己烷和甾,萜类等.这些化合物在区域上分布广泛,组分变化多样.样品间正构烷烃碳数分布特征差别较大,CPI1为0.76～1.26,CPI2为1.29～7.14,CPI(wax)为0.81～3.24.aaaC_29-甾烷20S/(20R+20S)为0.45～0.72,C₃₁藿烷22S/(22S+22R)为0.54～0.62,均已达到平衡终点.类异戊间二烯烷烃和烷基环己烷的分布特征与原油相近.表明污染源较复杂,主要包括矿物油,化石燃料的不完全燃烧及天然产物的生物化学降解等,不同功能区污染源存在一定的差别.     

胶州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源

利用气相色谱-质谱方法对胶州湾沉积物中23种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析测定。结果表明，PAHs的总含量范围为82～4567ng／g。PAHs总量在表层沉积物中总趋势是东部高于西部，以东岸附近处最大，远离东岸浓度降低，在胶州湾人海口处最低。造成这种格局的原因有：(1)绝大部分污染源集中在胶州湾东岸；(2)胶州湾的环流系统使东部的污染物很难向西部扩散；(3)沉积物粒度及有机质含量对PAHs含量分布有一定的影响。P／A、PL／PY比值、PAHs环数以及烷基化PAHs表明胶州湾表层沉积物中PAHs几乎全部由人类活动产生，来源为煤炭、木材燃烧、石油类高温裂解及油类污染。与国内外同类研究结果相比，判定为中等污染水平。     

Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Chinese and Japanese residential air

Comparative studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in residential air of Hangzhou (China) and Shizuoka (Japan) were conducted in summer (August, 2006) and winter (January, 2007). Total concentrations of 8 PAHs ranged from 7.1 to 320 ng/m³ and 0.15 to 35 ng/m³ in residential air of Hangzhou and Shizuoka, respectively. Air PAH concentrations in smoking houses were higher than that in nonsmoking houses. In nonsmoking houses, mothball emission and cooking practice were the emission sources of 2- and 3-ring PAHs in Hangzhou, respectively. The 2- and 3-ring PAHs were from use of insect repellent, kerosene heating and outdoor environment in nonsmoking houses in Shizuoka. The 5- and 6-ring PAHs in residential air were mainly from outdoor environment in both cities. Toxicity potencies of PAHs in residential air of Hangzhou were much higher than that in Shizuoka.