燃气火焰中热力型NOx的生成与控制

燃气火焰中热力型ＮＯｘ以ＮＯ为主，以ＮＯ为主，燃烧温度对ＮＯ生成起决定作用，空气系数也主要通过改变燃烧温度影响ＮＯｘ生成。燃烧温度大于１８００Ｋ时，有较多ＮＯ生成。降低燃烧温度与保持高效燃烧相协调是控制ＮＯｘ生成的关键。     

废轮胎热解富芳烃油燃烧温度与烟气污染物排放特性

清洁燃烧是各类有机固废热解油高效能源化利用的主要途径。全钢废轮胎热解油产物中芳香烃含量约占30%,其热值及黏度与柴油相似,但闪点偏低,仅为20℃。在自建燃烧炉膛中进行燃烧实验,研究了废轮胎热解油的燃烧温度及烟气排放特性。实验发现,当过量空气系数为1.3时,热解油燃烧温度最高;当过量空气系数为1.4时,烟气中CO浓度降至0;NO_x浓度随着过量空气系数增大而升高;过量空气系数超过1.3后,SO₂浓度大幅降低。喷射油压提升可提高燃烧温度,使热解油燃烧更加充分,同时可降低烟气中CO浓度,促进热力型NO_x生成。当压力由1.5 MPa升至1.75 MPa时,燃烧温度、CO浓度与NO_x浓度变化幅度最大。喷嘴喷孔直径增大会使雾化锥角增大,燃油雾束更易展开与空气接触反应,CO浓度随之降低;同时雾化锥角的增大可减小喷雾贯穿距,缩短火焰长度,减少烟气在高温区的停留时间,降低NO_x浓度。     

污泥水煤浆在3.2MW卧式锅炉中的燃烧特性研究

在3.2MW卧式炉中对污泥水煤浆和大同烟煤水煤浆进行对比燃烧试验,研究了煤浆的着火、温度场及燃烧效率等特性,并考察了污泥水煤浆工业应用的可行性.结果表明,掺混10%污泥的水煤浆着火容易,炉膛主燃烧区域火焰温度可达到1200～1300℃;污泥水煤浆燃烧时炉膛火焰分布均匀,火焰充满度较好;水分析出使颗粒表面分布大量气孔,有...     

基于Aspen Plus的生物质燃烧NOx生成模拟

利用Aspen Plus软件平台建立了生物质燃烧模型,对燃烧中NOx的生成进行了模拟计算,计算结果与已有文献的试验结果较好地相符.在此基础上,研究了燃烧温度和过量空气系数对生物质燃烧NOx生成的影响规律.结果表明,生物质燃烧过程中NOx的生成量随温度和过量空气系数的增长而快速增长;应用Aspen Plus模拟生物质燃烧具有一定的可行性,而且其模型参数设置较为灵活,能够对多种生物质的燃烧进行热力学分析,可为生物质清洁燃烧技术提供有益参考.     

民用导焰式无烟燃烧技术初探

导焰式无烟燃烧是一种与现有燃烧方式不同的燃烧方式.其特点是通过控制进风和烟气流动方向来控制火焰燃烧方向,以达到消烟、节能和火力集中的目的.在从上部加煤同时,使助空气也从上部进人炉内,通过煤层向下流动;使火焰方向向下,煤在燃烧时释放出的挥发份与空气混合后,通过高温火层燃烧掉,达到充分燃烧:使排放出的烟气不带黑烟,从而起到节煤和消除污染的作用.除加煤时间外,在炊事用火时可改为从下部进风,使火焰向上燃烧,以达到火力集中的目的.本文从理论和实验两方面对导焰式无烟燃烧技术进行了探讨,特别应用导焰式无烟燃烧技术设计出具有采暖、消烟和炊事各种功能的DHL—Ⅰ型导焰式消烟节能炉具.该炉可带30—40m~2房间采暖、炊事时,旺火期炉口最高温度可达930℃,完全能满足炊事要求,该炉既可烧蜂窝煤,也可烧蜂窝块、煤球以及市售烟煤,其热效率均在65%以上.烟尘排放浓度均在100mg/m~3左右,林格曼黑度均低于0.5级,完全符合烟尘排放标准.本文所述内容对解决我国,特别是对西北、华北、东北地区城乡居民冬季燃煤污染问题有一定的参考价值.     

烧结过程中解耦燃烧与烟气返回共脱硝新工艺Ⅱ:模拟燃烧带的脱硝机理

通过模拟烧结过程中焦炭的分布,研究了返回烟气、热解气主要组分与焦炭耦合燃烧降低NO,排放的规律.结果表明,热解气主要组分与焦炭耦合燃烧可使NO,排放降低10%左右,烟气返回到焦炭燃烧过程可使Nox的排放降低15%.耦合燃烧和烟气返回结合可使Nox的排放降低20%以上,在新工艺过程中,焦炭层厚度由150mm增大到300mm时,Nox排放的降低率由23%增大到40%.烧结过程解耦耦合燃烧与烟气返回脱硝工艺可有效减少Nox的排放.     

生物柴油的碳烟形貌及影响因素分析

使用热场发射扫描电子显微镜拍摄了5种生物柴油和0号柴油在常温常压状态下燃烧产生的碳烟照片,分析了碳烟粒子的形貌及影响形貌和生成量的因素。研究表明,碳烟粒子多呈球状,平均直径在35～75nm之间,粒径分布符合高斯分布,总体排列呈现链状或者块状;碳烟形貌及生成量与火焰温度、燃料的氧含量、芳香烃含量、硫含量以及十六烷值等因素有关,与柴油相比,生物柴油燃烧火焰温度高、含氧量高、芳香烃和硫含量少,十六烷值高,使生物柴油的碳烟粒径普遍较小,整体排列更紧密,粘结程度更强。     

不同稀释剂对燃气锅炉NOx排放及燃烧稳定性的影响

结合试验与数值模拟,对比分析了过量空气、烟气、水蒸气3种稀释剂对天然气锅炉扩散燃烧过程中的NO_x排放及燃烧稳定性影响。结果表明:随着稀释剂吸热功率的增加,NO_x生成量减少。添加等同吸热功率的过量空气、烟气、水蒸气时,NO_x生成量依次减少,在3种稀释剂吸热功率达到250 k W时,NO_x生成水平分别为78,30,20 mg/m3;继续增加稀释剂添加量,燃烧稳定性变差。采用烟气再循环技术,在燃烧稳定极限点的NO_x排放浓度随过量空气系数增大先下降后保持不变;而采用加湿燃烧技术,在稳定极限点的NO_x排放度随过量空气系数升高而升高。     

1025t/h四角切圆煤粉炉内空气过量系数对NO生成的影响

文章采用计算流体力学软件Fluent数值模拟了1 025 t/h四角切圆煤粉炉内的湍流扩散燃烧,分析了空气过量系数对炉内烟气速度、烟气温度和氮氧化物组分的影响。结果表明:空气过量系数会对炉内流场的空气动力学特性和温度场分布均匀性产生显著影响。煤粉炉膛最佳空气过量系数为1.07,此时炉内温度场、速度场和浓度场的分布可使燃烧中间产物HCN和NH_3较好的将燃料型NO还原为N_2,来充分发挥空气分级燃烧降低NO排放的功效。     

部分预混改善柴油机碳烟排放研究初探

通过测量对置射流扩散火焰中开始形成碳核时的临界气动变形率Ｋｐ，对丙烷中加入空气氮气和氧气时其扩散火焰中碳烟生成的影响进行了实验研究。介绍了利用氩气和氮气的比热差异，通过适当的火焰温度调节方法，将丙烷中加入氮气和氧气时对碳烟成核过程所起的各种 作用进行了分解，并由此得出结论：知量氧气在扩散火焰中具有遏制碳烟成核的作用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.