基于虚拟仿真的测试性预计技术研究及应用示例

本文首先介绍了测试性技术现状等,之后详细阐述了基于虚拟仿真的测试性预计技术原理,在此基础上介绍了该方法的实现方式,并给出应用实例。可以看出,此方法可以快速给出系统的故障检测和故障隔离能力,大大减少故障检测和隔离时间,从而缩短维修时间,提高系统的任务可靠性,减少寿命周期费用（LCC）。     

消声箱在产品噪声测试中的应用

建造一个消声室所需费用昂贵，有些产品的噪声测试又不必建造消声室，本文推荐一种行之有效的消声箱，它既可用于在流水线上测试产品的噪声，又可用在小产品在静态情况下的噪声测试，还用于实测音箱的形腔幅频特性曲线。     

微型水体生态箱

就像“一滴水可以折射太阳的光辉”一样．用PFU（海绵塑料块)中的一滴水，也可反映水体所包含的全部原生动物。PFU造价低廉，可投入任何受测试的水域，所需实验费用也极少，不需染色装片及相应药品．非常适合中小学的环境教育的研究性学习内客。以下两个关于水环境检测的教案，值得我们一试。     

山西冶金行业资源综合利用一席谈

目前,我们不少企业一提到减轻污染,保护环境,往往首先提出的问题就是环保设施的建设费用和运行费用,把环境保护当成一个负担对待,因此缺乏主动性。如果把保护环境和综合利用有机地结合起来,不但可以实现较好的经济效益,也可以取得较好的环境效益。大量事实表明,凡是一个企业资源综合利用比较好,其废渣、废水和废气的排放就少,经济效益就比较高,环境保护也一定搞得好。简言之,资源综合利用程度高低与环境保护的好坏相对应,资源和能源的浪费必然是对环境的污染,综合利用资源则是提高经济效益,保护环境的重要途径。     

基于虚拟仪器的微波射频器件自动测试平台的设计与实现

对于复杂微波射频器件的电性能通常需要对散射参数（S参数）、功率参数、噪声参数等多个方面进行测试,由于测试参数多样、测试条件复杂,使得传统的手动测试效率低下,难以满足现代化的测试需求。因此提高测试效率,构建自动化的测试平台已成为必需。本文使用矢量网络分析仪、程控电源、MCU控制器、射频切换开关等组建硬件平台,基于虚拟仪器集成开发环境,通过TCP/IP接口建立了硬件平台与PC机间的通信,并在PC机上开发了LabVIEW微波射频器件测试程序。该程序可以控制被测器件状态、切换射频测试通道、读取测试数据并导出存储等,最终实现了“一键测试”的自动测试效果。     

基于集成化测试仪的电机静态性能自动测试技术

为解决目前电机静态性能测试效率低、自动化程度低的问题,实现人工操作简单化、电机测试集成化,对静态性能自动测试技术进行研究。首先基于LabVIEW语言和模块化设计,根据电机测试技术要求,设计了电机静态性能测试仪,然后对该测试仪进行了功能测试,包括计量校准、工艺电机对比测试以及不合格甄别测试。结果表明,该测试仪具备一次连接、一键测试、结果自动判读、数据报表自动生成等功能,并具备电机静态性能边界条件的拓宽测试能力,实现电机测试项目的快速测试功能。     

网络数字摄像机性能测试方法研究与软件实现

网络数字摄像机采用网络传输数据,其性能指标如亮度信号信噪比、几何失真、色彩还原误差等需要通过软件计算才能获得。使用VisualStudio的MFC工具,调用Imatest提供的测试模块数据库,可以很方便的实现网络数字摄像机性能测试。     

基于二项分布的测试性试验方案优化设计与评估

测试性验证试验的目的是验证产品是否满足设计指标要求，以故障注入为手段，模拟相应的故障模式，通过规定的故障注入方法进行实际测试，并对产生的结果进行判断是否满足设计指标的要求。为提高测试性试验的一次通过率，降低测试性试验经费和试验时间，提出了基于二项分布的测试性试验方案优化设计与评估方法。实现了已知置信度、单侧置信下限、不能检测的故障个数条件下，求解测试性试验中的“最小样本量”的问题。可以对测试性试验进行提前预判，解决了一定约束条件下测试性试验最小样本量的求解及单侧置信下限评估问题。通过GUIDE人机对话框，不仅交互界面直观，而且极大提高了测试性验证评估的效率和准确性。     

基于DL1000系统的运算放大器参数测试方法研究

运算放大器经过几十年的发展,已经成为一种类别和品种系列繁多的模拟器件,而测试是检验元器件性能的核心手段,本文基于DL1000系统过对运算放大器主要参数测试指标、测试模型进行分析研究,利用测试系统通用的硬件资源,实现运算放大器全面、可靠、符合要求的测试手段和方法,解决运算放大器的通用测试问题。     

水污染物排放总量控制交易政策研究

在满足环境总量控制目标前提下,总量控制目标可以在控制区城内的排污单位间、点源和非点源间平衡调剂,互相转让、交换,这就是污染物排放总量控制交易政策。由于各工厂生产技术水平、经济条件、经营管理水平、污水治理边际费用等方面存在较大差异,而污染物削减能力、总量控制目标的实现难易程度也各不相同。有的工厂在治理费用上、技术上、经济承受能力上都具有优越条件,较容易达到总量控制目标,且有增加污染物削减的能力;而有的工厂     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.