黄河中下游沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学研究

研究了黄河中下游10个不同表层沉积物在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的吸附动力学及其影响因素和吸附机理。结果表明：（1）不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附能力各不相同,但吸附量随时间的变化具有相同的变化趋势,吸附速率均在前8h内较快,以后逐渐趋缓,在48h时基本达到吸附平衡。不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附量均随P初始质量浓度的增加而增大,随沉积物含量增大而减小;（2）不同沉积物在不同P初始质量浓度下对P的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学模型及Weber-Morris扩散方程,求得二级吸附速率常数和扩散速率常数分别在11.9866～157.55g·mg^-1·h^-1和0.0005～0.0119mg·g^-1·h^-1/2之间,吸附过程由P在沉积物内扩散控制。     

黄河上中游水体沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附/释放行为

研究了黄河上中游8个沉积物磷酸盐的吸附/释放动力学,比较了不同沉积物吸附磷的差别,分析了沉积物磷形态对磷吸附特征的影响.结果表明,沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放均主要在前8 h内完成,在前0.5 h内对磷的吸附和释放速率均最快,在24 h内吸附基本达到平衡;沉积物对磷的等温吸附曲线既符合线性方程和Freundlich模型,同时也较好地符合Langmuir模型.据Langmuir模型计算得出沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量为0.095～0.272 mg·g-1,且最大吸附容量与沉积物总磷、可交换态磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关;沉积物在相应的上覆水中对磷酸盐的吸附过程存在一个吸附/解吸平衡点,对应的吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度为0.009～0.031 mg·L-1,均大于相应上覆水体中磷浓度,说明沉积物有向上覆水释磷的趋势.     

黄河沉积物对磷的吸附行为

研究了黄河流域9个沉积物对磷的吸附行为,用修改后的Langmuir等温吸附模型对吸附实验数据进行了拟合,得到最大吸附容量PAC、Langmuir吸附平衡常数k.利用所得拟合参数通过公式计算方法得到EPC_0,以此判断沉积物是磷"源"还是磷"汇",分析了沉积物组成及其理化性质与磷吸附特征的关系.结果表明,各沉积物的吸附,解吸平衡磷浓度EPC_0范围在0.0031～0.109 3 mg/L,,其值也较低,与可解吸的内源磷含量正相关,与地理位置没有表现出相关性.在本研究条件下,在壶口张家湾断面,沉积物对磷表现为"汇";而其他沉积物对磷表现为"源",但释放量和吸附量不大.黄河沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量PAC的范围为0.073～0.454 mg/L,吸附能力较弱,沉积物的最大吸附容量与沉积物的有机质有较好的正相关关系.此外,沉积物对磷的吸附存在明显的固体浓度C_S效应,吸附滞后角随着C_S的增加而增大,随着同体浓度的增加,沉积物对P的吸附量逐渐降低,但EPCC_0值却增大,体现了颗粒物在磷循环中的两性作用.     

湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的负吸附研究

分别在高、低两种磷酸盐质量浓度下，研究了6个湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的负吸附。结果表明，(1)污染严重的湖泊沉积物不仅在上覆水体水质好转时，可能向上覆水体释放磷，即使上覆水体水质没有好转，在一定条件也可能释放；而较为清洁的湖泊沉积物，在上覆水体水质下降时，可能从上覆水体中吸附磷。在水质好转情况下，也可能向上覆水体中释放磷。(2)湖泊沉积物吸附磷酸盐过程中存在负吸附，吸附研究中使用较高质量浓度磷溶液是负吸附现象被掩盖的原因；在吸附研究中不仅要重视负吸附，而且初始磷酸盐质量浓度不能太高。(3)沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附／解吸平衡质量浓度与其有机质、CEC、总氮、总磷以及各形态磷含量均有显著的正相关关系，相比而言。与总磷以及各形态磷含量的相关性最高。污染较为严重的沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附／解吸平衡质量浓度也较高。     

黄河水体沉积物对敌百虫和甲拌磷的吸附

对敌百虫和甲拌磷在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附特性进行了研究,观察了ｐＨ值和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响．结果表明,敌百虫的吸附过程为一级动力学规律;敌百虫的吸附符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式,甲拌磷的吸附可用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｃｈ等温式较好地描述．ｐｈ值降低或离子强度增加使敌百虫和甲拌磷在沉积物中的吸附程度明显减小．敌百虫在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附以表面吸附为主,而甲拌磷则表现为表面吸附和在有机碳中的分配作用两种吸附方式．     

沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附研究

在静态条件下,温度为30℃时,研究了沉积物对重质燃料油吸附的影响.结果表明:沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附平衡时间约为24h,平衡吸附量约为919.26μg·g-1;在吸附达到平衡时,沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附总量随沉积物质量的增加而增加,当沉积物质量约为1.5g时,对油的吸附量趋于平衡;沉积物粒径对油吸附量的影响明显,沉积物对油的吸附量为Ⅱ号＜Ⅲ号＜Ⅳ号,小粒度沉积物具有更强的吸附能力.沉积物对油的吸附量随pH值的增加迅速降低,当pH值大约为9.75时达到最低点;沉积物对重质燃料油的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程.     

不同来源太湖沉积物粒径分布及其对Cu的吸附特征

以不同来源的太湖沉积物为研究对象,利用Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度分析仪测定沉积物的粒度组成,利用筛析法和吸管法对不同来源沉积物进行分级,测定不同粒径沉积物中Cu含量及不同粒径沉积物对Cu2＋的饱和吸附量,研究沉积物对水溶液中Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附特性,从粒径分级和动力学角度探讨了太湖沉积物对Cu的吸附机理。结果表明：太湖沉积物粒径范围在0.002-0.1 mm,其颗粒组成以粉砂级与粘粒级为主,养殖区沉积物小粒径比例较高,小于0.05 mm粒径沉积物的比例为82.45%;吸附实验研究表明,粒径小于0.005 mm和0.005-0.01 mm沉积物中Cu含量较高,且此粒径沉积物对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附量最大;吸附动力学研究表明,沉积物的吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应两个阶段,且吸附过程以表面吸附为主,伪二级动力学方程对动力学曲线拟合较好,其R2值达0.999以上。吸附热力学的研究结果表明：Freundlich方程比较适合描述沉积物对Cu2＋的吸附等温线,其R2大于0.99,对照区、养殖区和生活污水区沉积物对Cu（Ⅱ）的最大吸附量分别为229.20,249.98,261.20 mg.kg-1,方程式中的强度因子1/n不适合描述沉积物与重金属离子的结合能力。     

微生物对土壤和沉积物吸附多环芳烃动力学的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附菲和苯并[a]芘(BaP)吸附动力学的影响.结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与BaP都可进行生物降解,对菲的利用率明显要大于BaP;接种微生物的土壤与沉积物对菲和BaP的吸附动力曲线与仅有微生物吸附的结果相近似,表明多环芳烃的降低主要是由于微生物的利用造成的;接种微生物后沉积物与土壤对菲的吸附量明显增大,而对BaP的吸附却降低.     

黄河水体喾物对敌百虫和甲拌磷的吸附

对敌百虫和甲拦磷在黄河水体喾物中的吸附特性进行了研究,观察了pH值和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响,结果表明,敌百虫的吸附过程为一级动力学规律;敌百虫的吸附符合Langmuir等温式,甲拌磷的吸附可用Freundich等温式较好地描述,pH值降低或离子强度增加使敌百虫和甲拦磷在沉积物中的吸附程度明显减小,敌百虫在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附以表面吸附为主,而甲拦磷则表现为表面吸附和在有机磷中的分配作用两种吸附方式。     

黄河上中游表层沉积物磷的赋存形态特征

利用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序（SMT）,研究了黄河上中游10个沉积物样品中磷的赋存形态变化规律和分布特征,并分析了沉积物中磷的来源和释放潜力。研究结果表明,黄河上中游沉积物中总磷（OP）的含量为82.0～113.5mg·kg-1,无机磷（IP）的含量范围在45.3～76.6mg·kg-1,有机磷（OP）的含量范围在27.6～56.6mg·kg-1。其中主要以无机磷的形式存在,而无机磷中以钙结合态磷为主。线性回归分析结果表明,NaOH-P的含量与活性态Fe、Al含量总和有一定的线性关系。黄河沉积物向上覆水体释放磷的潜力不大。     

China's Grain for Green Program has reduced soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River

Severe soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River is a serious environmental problem in western China. In order to control this soil erosion, the national government implemented the Grain for Green Program (GGP) in Sichuan Province (in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River) and Shaanxi Province (in the middle reaches of the Yellow River) in 1999. To evaluate the effects of the GGP on soil erosion, the present study investigated the relationships between annual precipitation and three parameters, annual runoff, sediment concentration, and sediment discharge, for these rivers. As the area covered by the GGP increased, sediment concentration and sediment discharge both decreased, and the correlation with the GGP area was much stronger than the correlation with annual precipitation. Therefore, China's GGP appears to be controlling soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River.     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学

在室内模拟条件下,通过沉积物磷释放动力学实验,研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊13个沉积物的磷释放动力学特征,并分析了沉积物组成特征对磷释放动力学的影响,结果表明:(1)指数动力学模型可以很好地拟合长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,前20h为快反应,磷释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大释放量;(2)沉积物磷释放动力学特征与其组成有关,其中与总氮、总磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关,与沙粒含量呈显著负相关,而与粘粒含量没有达到显著水平,与Olsen-P(0.5mol·L-1NaHCO3,pH8.5提取的磷)和易解吸态磷(RDP)含量达极显著正相关水平;(3)可以根据总磷和有效磷含量来比较和预测湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,且根据有效磷含量可以得到比根据总磷含量更可靠的结果。研究成果可为系统揭示浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制提供依据。     

黄河下游断流研究进展

介绍了黄河下游断流的发生特点、断流成因及断流对三角洲人民生产生活及对生态环境的影响三个方面的研究成果和进展。这些研究表明:黄河下游断流是自然与人为因素叠加所致,但主要影响因素为人类活动,而气候变化、源区生态环境恶化也是导致黄河径流减少的重要因子,但由气候变化引起的黄河径流量改变的百分比还未确定;黄河下游断流对河口海域生态系统、三角洲演变、工农业生产及城乡人民生活等方面都会产生影响,严重断流时会导致三角洲土地利用格局发生变化,并产生一系列生态问题。今后一段时间,要研究保障区域生态安全的生态用水量,合理利用黄河水量的丰枯周期,从根本上解决黄河下游的断流问题。     

黄河中下游干流沉积物中重金属的赋存形态及其生态风险

在黄河中下游干流采集6个表层沉积物样品,采用Han和Banin连续提取法提取并采用ICP-MS和ICP-OES测定不同化学形态的Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn含量,在计算重金属富集因子、迁移系数、次生相和原生相分布比值的基础上,对重金属赋存形态、迁移能力、生物活性、污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,黄河中下游干流表层沉积物中重金属元素含量沿河流向先增加后降低,高含量点位出现在汜水汇入黄河后,支流的输入对黄河重金属含量具有较为明显的贡献.形态分析研究表明,Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni等5种重金属残渣态在其不同形态中有绝对优势,Cd可浸取态占明显优势,Mn的残渣态与可浸取态所占比例相当.富集因子分析表明,黄河中下游表层沉积物中重金属可分为3类:Cu、Cr、Mn基本无富集,Pb、Ni、Zn轻度富集,Cd中度到极高度富集;迁移系数研究表明黄河中下游表层沉积物重金属迁移系数和生物活性顺序为MnCdZnNiPbCuCr.次生相原生相比值法表明Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn无污染,Pb在3点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染,Mn在1、3、6点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染.综合各种评价方法,Cd是黄河中下游沉积物中污染程度最高的重金属,具有潜在生态风险,应引起重视.     

Adsorption of phosphate ions from water using a novel cellulose-based adsorbent

A novel cellulose-based adsorbent, iron(III)-coordinated amino-functionalised poly(glycidylmethacrylate)-grafted cellulose [Fe(III)–AM-PGMACell] was developed for the removal of phosphate from water and wastewater. The scanning electron micrograph showed that AM-PGMACell has a rougher surface than cellulose and the adsorption of Fe(III) on AM-PGMACell made the surface even rougher. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that amino groups on the surface of AM-PGMACell complexed with Fe(III) played an important role in the removal of phosphate from solutions. X-Ray diffraction patterns showed a decrease in crystallinity after graft copolymerisation onto cellulose. The effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, pH, agitation speed, dose of adsorbent and temperature on the removal process were investigated. Maximum removal of 99.1% was observed for an initial concentration of 25 mg·L ^?1 at pH 6.0 and an adsorbent dose of 2.0 g·L ^?1. A two-step pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Sips isotherm model represented the measured data very well. Complete removal of 11.6 mg·L ^?1 phosphate from fertiliser industry wastewater was achieved by 1.6 g·L ^?1 Fe(III)–AM-PGMACell. The adsorbent exhibited very high reusability for several cycles. Overall, the study demonstrated that Fe(III)–AM-PGMACell can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal and recovery of phosphate from water and wastewater.     

Adsorption of sulfonamides on lake sediments

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one class of the most widely used antibiotics around the world. Their fate and transport in the aquatic environment is of great concern. In this study, adsorption of four SAs—sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfamethazine (SM2)—in single-solute and multi-solute systems on sediments of Dianchi (DC) Lake and Taihu (TH) Lake, China was investigated with batch experiments. In the single-solute adsorption system, the Langmuir model and the dual-mode model described the adsorption process better than the Freundlich model. Model fitness was better on DC sediment than on TH sediment. The order of adsorption capacity approximately followed a decreasing order of SDM>SD>SM2>SMZ on both sediments, which was likely attributed to the distinctly different water solubility of the four SAs. In the multi-solute system, the order of adsorption capacity was SM2>SDM>SD>SMZ, which was probably related to the compound speciation caused by the pH values of the experimental solution. In the multi-solute system, both competitive and cooperative adsorption played important roles in the adsorption of sulfonamides on sediments.     

Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon derived from periwinkle shells: kinetics and equilibrium studies

Periwinkle shell, an abundant and inexpensive natural resource, was used to prepare activated carbon by physicochemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) as the activating agents at 850 °C for 2 h. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of methylene blue dye on such carbon were then examined at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherm of the methylene blue (MB) on the activated carbon was determined and correlated with common isotherm equations. The equilibrium data for methylene blue adsorption well fitted to the Langmuir equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 500.00 mg/g. Two simplified kinetic models including pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equation were selected to follow the adsorption processes. The adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon derived from periwinkle shell could best be described by the pseudo-second-order equation. The kinetic parameters of this best-fit model were calculated and discussed.