meso-四(3-氯-4-甲氧基苯基)卟啉二阶导数分光光度法测定废水中痕量汞(Ⅱ)

本文基于Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）ｍｅｓｏ四（３氯４甲氧基苯基）卟啉（Ｔ（３Ｃｌ４ＭＯＰ）Ｐ）Ｔｗｅｎ８０显色体系,提出一种高灵敏度二阶导数分光光度法测定工业废水中的痕量汞（Ⅱ）,研究了汞配合物的形成条件。在ｐＨ７２～７９的中性介质中和Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０的存在下,沸水浴加热６ｍｉｎ,反应进行完全。汞（Ⅱ）量在１８～１０４μｇ／Ｌ范围内符合比尔定律,二阶导数分光光度法测定汞（Ⅱ）的表观摩尔吸光系数ε４５２６,４６１６＝９８８×１０６Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１ｃｍ－１,检出限为１８ｎｇ／ｍｌ。方法用于工业废水中痕量Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）的测定,结果满意。     

1,2,4,5-四氯苯 C 18 Empore TM 膜/水分配系数的研究

研究了1,2,4,5-四氯苯在C18膜／水相之间的分配规律。1,2,4,5-四氯苯在：25℃,80r／min条件下恒温震荡96h可达分配平衡,温度和盐度对1,2,4,5-四氯苯C18膜／水的分配过程影响很小,1,2,4,5-四氯苯C18膜／水分配平衡时间受溶液体积和容器容积的影响,但不受溶液中C18膜膜量的影响,推测脂溶性小于或接近1,2,4,5-四氯苯的有机污染物在恒温震荡条件下C18膜与水之间的分配96h可达到平衡。     

四氯汞钾吸收液保存期的探讨

通过两年多的试验，所有试验数据均与国家环保局编审的《空气和废气监测分析方法》中规定的２４个实验室的二氧化硫标准曲线斜率、截距相符合，试验结果表明，用四氯汞钾吸收－盐酸副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法测定空气中二氧化硫的关键试剂－－四氯汞钾吸收液，在密闭和冷藏的条件下，至少可保存２年。     

预浓缩系统与PFPD检测器联用测定环境空气中四氢噻吩

采用预浓缩系统与GC-PFPD联用,建立了环境空气中四氢噻吩的分析方法,该法用苏玛罐或Tedlar袋采集空气样品在预浓缩系统中经液氮于-160℃冷冻浓缩后,用GS-GASPRO专用毛细管色谱柱及GC-PFPD检测。四氢噻吩的最低检出限为2·0μg/m3。经6次的重复测定,其相对标准偏差小于5·0%。该方法已用于环境空气中四氢噻吩的测定,取得了令人满意的结果。     

液相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中四溴双酚A和六溴环十二烷

文章建立了液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱仪同时测定土壤中四溴双酚A及3种六溴环十二烷同分异构体的分析方法。土壤样品经快速溶剂仪萃取,全自动凝胶净化系统净化后,使用液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱仪,负离子电喷雾多反应监测模式监测,内标法定量分析。结果表明,土壤中四溴双酚A、α-六溴环十二烷、β-六溴环十二烷和γ-六溴环十二烷的检出限为0.1~1.2 pg/g,加标回收率为81.8%~113%,相对标准偏差小于10%。该方法分析时间短,灵敏度高,操作简单,对电子固废拆解场地中的179个土壤样品进行分析,取得满意结果。     

利用四段滤膜法进行干沉积监测

在酸雨研究领域,人们普遍是对降雨或降雪等湿沉积过程进行研究.近年来,干沉积也引起了大家的关注,但尚未建立成熟的方法.文章介绍了利用四段滤膜法进行干沉积监测的方法,作为日本全国公害研究协会的合作项目在日本神户和丰冈市进行了实际测量和评估.     

中国四城市空气颗粒物中铅的污染水平

在大量实验数据的基础上,研究了中国四城市空气颗粒物中铅的污染水平。探讨了颗粒物中铅的数据分布属对数正态分布类型。分析了铅在ＰＭ２５及ＰＭ１０中的分配比例,指出铅在对人体危害较大的细颗粒物中含量占绝大部分。同时分析了铅在粗细颗粒物中铅的富集因子,结论指出铅更易富集在细颗粒物中     

新疆和田地区土壤中天然放射性核素含量水平的调查研究

和田地区土壤中天然放射性核素铀－２３８、钍－２３２、镭－２２６和钾－４０按面积加权的均值（Ｂｑ·ｋｇ－１）依次是３７．５２±８．７３、４０．１５±５．３０、３０．０１±４．６０和５３１．１４±４０．７７，属正常本底辐射水平．铀镭平衡状况富铀。     

火焰原子吸收光谱测定地表水的钾和钠

本文对火焰原子吸收光谱测定钾和钠的条件进行了试验。通过使用Z!eman原子吸收分光光度计仪器的不同功能即采用灵敏线加铯盐电离抑制剂及次灵敏线直接测定相结合;Z AA方式及reference方式相结合,对高、中、低含量的钾和钠都能适应。     

采煤沉陷区人工林地土壤肥力质量的空间特征

以焦作市韩王矿沉陷区林地土壤为研究对象,测定不同沉陷部位和不同深度土壤中8项肥力指标,基于隶属度函数和灰色关联度分析法,对沉陷区土壤肥力质量进行评价。结果表明：沉陷区林地土壤硝氮、全氮、速效钾、全钾和有机质含量在不同层位之间存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,上层（0 cm～20 cm）硝氮、速效钾和有机质含量显著高于下层（20 cm～40 cm）;土壤肥力质量在空间上呈现出明显的变化特征,坡中处最高,坡底处最低;速效磷是影响沉陷区土壤肥力质量提升的限制性因子。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.