农药对土壤微生物群落的副作用的研究方法(Methods for Detecting Side-Effect of Pesticides to Soil Microbial Communities)

微生物群落在保持土壤肥力和对外界适应能力方面起着十分重要的作用.随着农药的广泛应用和农药评估体系的建立与完善,人们越来越关注农药对土壤微生物群落的负面影响,并且尝试用多种方法进行研究.虽然对其中任何一种方法的使用,均有助于提高人们对农药副作用的认识,但是使用少数几种方法所获得的信息,已能够满足风险评估的最低要求.论文以农药风险评估的"资料要求"为依据,对"资料要求"中涉及的"碳转化"和"氮转化"两种室内试验的特点和设计思路进行了分析.此外还简要介绍了国内外农药管理部门在土壤微生物风险评估中常用的几种模型,并探讨了这些模型与具体试验方法之间的关联.从文中可以看出,对于农药的土壤微生物影响,现已建立起了比较规范化的室内测定方法,目前缺乏的是与风险评估模型相配套的田间试验方法或准则.     

River water quality management model using genetic algorithm

Conventional mathematical programming methods, such as linear programming, non linear programming, dynamic programming and integer programming have been used to solve the cost optimization problem for regional wastewater treatment systems. In this study, a river water quality management model was developed through the integration of a genetic algorithm (GA). This model was applied to a river system contaminated by three determined discharge sources to achieve the water quality goals and wastewater treatment cost optimization in the river basin. The genetic algorithm solution, described the treatment plant efficiency, such that the cost of wastewater treatment for the entire river basin is minimized while the water quality constraints in each reach are satisfied. This study showed that genetic algorithm can be applied for river water quality modeling studies as an alternative to the present methods.     

Methods for measuring denitrification: diverse approaches to a difficult problem.

Denitrification, the reduction of the nitrogen (N) oxides, nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), to the gases nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and dinitrogen (N2), is important to primary production, water quality, and the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere at ecosystem, landscape, regional, and global scales. Unfortunately, this process is very difficult to measure, and existing methods are problematic for different reasons in different places at different times. In this paper, we review the major approaches that have been taken to measure denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic environments and discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and future prospects for the different methods. Methodological approaches covered include (1) acetylene-based methods, (2) 15N tracers, (3) direct N2 quantification, (4) N2:Ar ratio quantification, (5) mass balance approaches, (6) stoichiometric approaches, (7) methods based on stable isotopes, (8) in situ gradients with atmospheric environmental tracers, and (9) molecular approaches. Our review makes it clear that the prospects for improved quantification of denitrification vary greatly in different environments and at different scales. While current methodology allows for the production of accurate estimates of denitrification at scales relevant to water and air quality and ecosystem fertility questions in some systems (e.g., aquatic sediments, well-defined aquifers), methodology for other systems, especially upland terrestrial areas, still needs development. Comparison of mass balance and stoichiometric approaches that constrain estimates of denitrification at large scales with point measurements (made using multiple methods), in multiple systems, is likely to propel more improvement in denitrification methods over the next few years.     

Improving vulnerability assessment towards Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): a case study of small islands in Indonesia

Vulnerability assessment is one of the methods currently being used to measure the ocean and coastal sustainability in order to enable better evaluation and redesign of land-based development and policy-making. Because of different geological and geographical formations, the elements that comprise the vulnerability indicators are different from each other, and there are various vulnerability equations that have been used. At the present time, there are no unified vulnerability indicators that can be applied universally to every country. The Seribu Islands, Indonesia, also known in English as the Thousand Islands, consisting of 105 islands located to the north of Jakarta, have been chosen as a study area for vulnerability assessment according to the basic principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management theory. The results indicate that in practice, Indonesian Integrated Coastal Zone Management legal systems do exist and that in some cases, part of the responsibility for the problems rests with legislation that imposes complex systems of administration, unrealistic sanctions and impractical solutions. This research also shows that inter-sectoral, inter-governance and spatial developments are the three components that need to be improved for the successful implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the region.     

丝状真菌基因功能研究的方法

近年来不少丝状真菌全基因组测序已完成或正在进行,基因功能研究成为真菌研究的一个热点.多种基因功能研究方法都已应用到丝状真菌领域,为丝状真菌的基因功能研究提供了许多不同的技术策略.本文总结了目前丝状真菌基因功能研究中常用的方法,如转座子标签法、基因敲除技术、RNA干扰、超表达及酵母杂交系统等,并对各方法在丝状真菌研究中的优缺点进行了阐述.参42     

Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review

● Blackwater is the main source of organics and nutrients in domestic wastewater. ● Various treatment methods can be applied for resource recovery from blackwater. ● Blackwater treatment systems of high integration and efficiency are the future trend. ● More research is needed for the practical use of blackwater treatment systems. Blackwater (BW), consisting of feces, urine, flushing water and toilet paper, makes up an important portion of domestic wastewater. The improper disposal of BW may lead to environmental pollution and disease transmission, threatening the sustainable development of the world. Rich in nutrients and organic matter, BW could be treated for resource recovery and reuse through various approaches. Aimed at providing guidance for the future development of BW treatment and resource recovery, this paper presented a literature review of BWs produced in different countries and types of toilets, including their physiochemical characteristics, and current treatment and resource recovery strategies. The degradation and utilization of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within BW are underlined. The performance of different systems was classified and summarized. Among all the treating systems, biological and ecological systems have been long and widely applied for BW treatment, showing their universality and operability in nutrients and energy recovery, but they are either slow or ineffective in removal of some refractory pollutants. Novel processes, especially advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are becoming increasingly extensively studied in BW treatment because of their high efficiency, especially for the removal of micropollutants and pathogens. This review could serve as an instructive guidance for the design and optimization of BW treatment technologies, aiming to help in the fulfilment of sustainable human excreta management.     

Lessons from other disciplines for setting management thresholds for biodiversity conservation

Successful, state-dependent management, in which the goal of management is to maintain a system in a desired state, involves defining the boundaries between different states. Once these boundaries have been defined, managers require a strategic action plan with thresholds that initiate management interventions to either maintain or return the system to a desired state. This approach to management is widely used across diverse industries from agriculture, to medicine, to information technology, but it has only been adopted in conservation management relatively recently. Conservation practitioners have expressed a willingness to integrate this structured approach in their management systems, but they have also voiced concerns, including lack of a robust process for doing so. Given the widespread use of state-dependent management in other fields, we conducted an extensive review of the literature on threshold-based management to gain insight into how and where it is applied and identify potential lessons for conservation management. We identified 22 industries using 75 different methods for setting management thresholds in 843 studies. Methods spanned six broad approaches, including expert driven, statistical, predictive, optimization, experimental, and artificial intelligence methods. The objectives of each of these studies influenced the approaches used, including the methods for setting thresholds and selecting actions, and the number of thresholds set. The role of value judgments in setting thresholds was clear; studies across all industries frequently involved experts in setting thresholds, often accompanied by computational tools to simulate the consequences of proposed thresholds under different conditions. Of the 30 conservation studies examined, two-thirds used expert-driven methods, consistent with prior evidence that experience-based information often drives conservation management decisions. The methods we identified from other disciplines could help conservation decision makers set thresholds for management interventions in different contexts, linking monitoring to management actions and ensuring that conservation interventions are timely and effective.     

The problem of ecosystem stability and some applications of one of the stochastic methods in investigation of this problem

This paper describes some possible applications of one of the stochastic methods which may be used in ecological studies. The role of stochastic methods in investigations of the dynamics of ecosystems is gaining in importance. Stochastic methods are very useful for investigating the stability of ecosystems and the criteria of stability of natural systems, especially where the influence of permanent small-scale random disturbances has been noticed. Some criteria have been suggested and examples of use of these criteria are given.     

A bio-inspired computing model as a new tool for modeling ecosystems: The avian scavengers as a case study

The models used for ecosystems modeling are generally based on differential equations. However, in recent years new computational models based on biological processes, or bioinspired models, have arisen, among which are P systems. These are inspired by the functions of cells and present important advantages with respect to traditional models, such as a high computational efficiency, modularity and their ability to work in parallel. They are simple, individual-based models that use biological parameters that can be obtained experimentally. In this work, we present the framework for a model based on P systems applied to the study of an ecosystem in which three avian scavengers (predators) interact with 10 wild and domestic ungulates (preys). The computation time for 100 repetitions, corresponding to 14 simulation years each, with an initial population composed of 385,422 individuals, was 30 min. Our results suggest that the model presented, based on P systems, correctly simulates the population dynamics in the period of time analyzed. We discuss the usefulness of this tool in simulating complex ecosystems dynamics to aid managers, conservationists and policy-makers in making appropriate decisions for the improvement of management and conservation programs.     

Evaluating the ability of habitat suitability models to predict species presences

Models predicting species spatial distribution are increasingly applied to wildlife management issues, emphasising the need for reliable methods to evaluate the accuracy of their predictions. As many available datasets (e.g. museums, herbariums, atlas) do not provide reliable information about species absences, several presence-only based analyses have been developed. However, methods to evaluate the accuracy of their predictions are few and have never been validated. The aim of this paper is to compare existing and new presence-only evaluators to usual presence/absence measures.     

Theory put into practice: An R implementation of the infinite-dimensional model

The infinite dimensional model (IDM) is an approach that has been developed for the analyses of phenotypic variation in function valued traits such as growth trajectories and continuous reaction norms. This model is particularly suited for the analysis of the potential and the constraints for growth to evolve under selection on body size. Despite of its applicability to a broad range of study systems IDM has only been applied in a handful of studies, as it is mathematically demanding for scientists not familiar with quantitative genetics methods. Here, we present a user-friendly R implementation of IDM, demonstrate its performance with growth data on nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). In addition to rearing experiments, individual based size-at-age trajectories are often measured in wild in mark-recapture studies or estimated retrospectively from scales or bones. Therefore, our R implementation of IDM should be applicable to many studies conducted in wild and in a lab, and be useful by making the methodologically challenging IDM approach more easily accessible also in the fields where quantitative genetics methods are less standardly used.     

欧洲国家控制农业养分污染水环境的管理措施

近年来欧洲国家为控制农业养分污染水环境采取了一系列行政、法律和经济等环境管理措施,鼓励和刺激农民采取更加有利于环境的耕作方法,限制化肥、厩肥等养分投入,以最大限度地减轻氮、磷等养分流失对地下水和地表水体的污染,取得了显著的成效。本文对此作了详细介绍,以资借鉴。     

Integrating eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness into the design of sustainable industrial systems in China

As an important tool for environment management, eco-efficiency has been widely applied, but eco-effectiveness has only made progress on eco-design and life cycle management in recent years. Few have attempted to integrate eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness into sustainable industrial systems. In a new framework integrating eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness, both concepts can find unique roles and complement each other in industrial ecosystems to dissolve conflicts between industry and the environment. This article provides a case study of China in which eco-efficiency indicators (energy, water and waste utilisation intensity) have demonstrated great progress in China, but eco-efficiency cannot stop the increasing release of pollutants and their accumulating impact on ecological life-support systems. China must integrate eco-effectiveness and eco-efficiency into concrete sustainable development strategies, questioning whether limited resources are being used correctly. Both eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness are identified as important indicators in the development of sustainable industrial systems. In the framework of sustainable industrial systems, eco-effectiveness must begin to play a more important role.     

Anwendung energetischer und nicht-energetischer Ressourcen in Energiesystemen: Vergleichende Bewertung

Goal and Scope

Which impact does the use of non-energetic abiotic resources (ores, minerals, etc.) have in life cycles of energy systems based on biogenic and fossil fuels? Is this kind of resource use less or more environmentally harmful than the utilisation of energetic abiotic resources (mineral oil, natural gas, etc.) in the same life cycles? This paper aims at answering these questions. In Part 1, a methodology is presented and applied to the life cycles of selected energy systems. Part 2 presents and discusses the results.

Methods

The applied methodology has been explained in the Part 1. For the assessment of energetic abiotic resource use, a widely recognised method is used. For the assessment of nonenergetic abiotic resource use, no overall recognised methodological approach exists. That is why for this aspect two different methods are exemplarily applied and compared with each other.

Results and Conclusion

Results show that the two assessment approaches for non-energetic resource utilisation lead to qualitatively equal results. Nevertheless they differ considerably from each other in their absolute values. This makes obvious that there is still a need for further methodological research work on that issue. Nevertheless, both methodologies yield that the accumulated effect of ore and mineral use is considerably lower than the accumulated effect of fossil primary energy utilisation in all life cycles analysed. With the assumptions made, the use of non-energetic abiotic resources only plays a comparatively subordinate role in the environmental life cycle assessment of energy systems based on biogenic and fossil fuels.

Recommendation and Perspective

Results suggest that an important resource-related impact of biomass and fossil fuel powered energy systems is caused by their consumption of fossil primary energy resources. The impact of non-energetic resource use can be neglected in comparison to that. At the same time, results also make clear that there is still a considerable need for further methodical research aiming at a standardised assessment methodology for the use of non-energetic abiotic resources.     

Geospatial analysis of vulnerable beach-foredune systems from decadal time series of lidar data

Time series of lidar data, acquired over the past decade along the North American East Coast, provide opportunities to gain new insights into 3D evolution of barrier islands and their beach and dune systems. GIS-based per grid cell statistics and map algebra was applied to time series of Digital Surface Models representing two sections of North Carolina barrier islands to quantify elevation change trends, map dynamic and stable locations, identify new and lost buildings, measure relative volume evolution in the beach and foredune systems and analyze shoreline dynamics. Results show a relatively small stable core in both study areas, with beaches and the ocean side of the dunes exhibiting systematic high rates of elevation loss while areas landward from the dunes increase slightly in elevation. Significant number of new homes have been built at locations with very small core surface elevation, and homes built within the shoreline dynamics band have already been lost. The raster-based methodology used in this study can be applied to perform similar analyses in other coastal areas where time series of lidar data are available.     

分子生物学技术在菌根研究中的应用及其进展

近几年来,菌根分子生物学得到了较快发展;尤其是一些用于首根真菌ITS区域的特异引物先后设计并合成成功,进一步推动了菌根学在分子水平上的研究。分子生物学技术在留根真菌分类鉴定及亲缘关系研究上应用较多。在菌根菌竟争性和持续性研究上．DNA分析技术已成为最重要的研究手段之一。在这些研究中,专为菌根真菌ITS区域分析而设计的ITS1-F和ITS4-B两种特异引物应用最为普遍。本文对菌根DNA分析技术、PCR－RFLP技术做了简单介绍;综述了PCR、ITh－RFLP等分析技术在菌根菌分类、亲缘关系及菌种持续性等方面的研究和应用情况。     

Socio-environmental co-evolution: some ideas for an analytical approach

A number of scholars, mainly in ecological economics, have been attracted to the concept of co-evolution for the analysis of socio-environmental change. Yet none has adopted and developed an applied analytical approach using an explicitly evolutionary framework. This paper discusses how other scholars in economics, technological studies, organization and political science have been using evolutionary explanations and draws some lessons for ecological economics. Evolutionary is a mode of explanation based on the selective retention of renewable variation. It accounts for phenomena of structural fit and change in a variety of domains. A co-evolutionary explanation, by extension, entails two or more evolving systems whose interaction affects their evolution. Socio-environmental co-evolution involves human systems (material practices and non-material ideas and values) and non-human systems (living and physical). The challenge then is how to develop case-specific, empirical applications that define and elaborate the variants that co-evolve and specify the processes of mutual selection. Applications could benefit from existing classifications and causal propositions in the natural and social sciences. Co-evolution is part of a larger analytical toolkit for looking at complex socio-environmental problems. Although distinct, there are strong synergies, complementarities and potential for combined uses between co-evolutionary, co-dynamic and complexity-based explanations.     

Mapping water chemical variables with spatially correlated errors

One of the most important considerations in many environmental studies is need to allow for correlations among the variables. Monitoring and analyzing relationships between chemical environmental parameters using spatial correlation based regression modelling is the main motivation of this applied study. For this purpose, some noticeable environmental parameters of data sets obtained from two lakes have been considered and the concentrations of chemical variables such as cadmium and nitrate have been appraised by a regression-based geostatistical methodology. The modelling procedure consists of two stages. In the first stage, spatial variables are analyzed via multi-linear regression and some relationships are provided. Next, by using the spatial auto-correlations of the residuals, a type of regression-based kriging procedure is applied. The capacity of the model for appraising the water chemical variables is also tested and performance comparisons with ordinary kriging are conducted. Finally, the applications showed that analyzing water chemical variables with spatially correlated errors is a convenient and applicable approach for assessing the environmental systems.     

Dynamic reserve site selection under contagion risk of deforestation

Recently, dynamic reserve site selection models based on stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) have been proposed. The models consider a random development pattern in which the probability that a site will be developed is independent of the development status of other sites. However, development often takes the form of a contagion process in which the sites most likely to be developed are near sites that already have been developed. To consider site selections in such cases, we propose improved algorithms that make use of a graph representation of the sites network. The first formulation is an exact, dynamic programming algorithm, with which theoretical and experimental complexities are evaluated. The exact method can be applied only to small problems (less than 10 sites), but real-world problems may have hundreds or thousands of sites, implying that heuristic selection methods must be used. We provide a general framework for describing such heuristic solution methods, and propose a new heuristic method based on a parameterised reinforcement learning algorithm. The method allows us to compute a heuristic function by performing and exploiting many simulations of the deforestation process. We show that the method can be applied to problems with hundreds of sites, and demonstrate experimentally that it outperforms previously proposed heuristic methods in terms of the average number of species conserved.     

Bewertungsansatz von Umweltmonitoring-Informationssystemen in Ballungsräumen

Comprehensive data on environmental monitoring programs concerned with air pollutants like ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO₂) und carbon monoxide (CO), and occassionally suspended dust, benzene and other environmental chemicals, are available on the free Internet. As different monitoring information systems exist in most states or big cities of the Federal Republic of Germany, a comparison of these systems with their pros and cons is of great interest to the public. Environmental air pollutant monitoring systems in 16 states of Germany are listed and evaluated by applying 5 evaluation criteria for the differentiation of these systems. Different data-analysis methods will be applied, the Hasse diagram technique, a method derived from discrete mathematics and the partially Ordered Scalogram Analysis with Coordinates (POSAC) method, a multivariate statistical approach. The important objects, the so-called maximal or minimal objects, are detected in both methods. The Internet-based environmental monitoring systems of the states of Berlin, Bremen, Saxony-Anhalt, Baden-Wurttemberg are rated good in the evaluation approaches, whereas the information systems of the states of Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony received a rather poor ranking. The attributes of DA, way of data presentation on the Internet, and ME, type and length of measurements, were pointed out in the data-analysis methods. Multivariate explorative statistical methods offer a comprehensive tool for the graphical analysis of data-matrices. The ranking of objects is given in an effective and graphically comprehensible manner using the Hasse diagram technique. The choice and preference of the methods is problem-driven. A combination of these different methods is envisaged in the authors’ future research.