富营养化水体中底泥释磷的影响因素及其释放机理

磷是湖泊富营养化的主要限制因子,本文综述了沉积物中磷的赋存形态,释放机理及其影响因素.内源磷的赋存形态主要分为铝磷、铁磷、钙磷及有机磷.磷释放受pH值、溶解氧、生物、温度、扰动5种因素影响.对富营养水体内源磷释放的影响因素及其机理进行研究可为富营养化水体的治理提供理论依据.     

环境因子对长江宜宾段底泥吸附磷的影响

本文主要研究模拟长江底泥对富营养化水体磷的吸附,分析环境因子对底泥吸附磷的影响。结果显示：（1）在25℃时,底泥对磷的吸附在碱性条件时的吸附速率小于酸性和中性条件,中性条件下的吸附速率最大;（2）在控制上覆水温度时,温度越高底泥对磷的吸附量越小,20℃时底泥的吸附量是30℃吸附量的1.5倍;（3）上覆水中溶解氧的浓度越高,吸附速率越高。     

水体底泥对污染物的吸附-解吸机理的研究

水体底泥污染已经成为世界范围内的一个重要的环境问题,其污染物主要通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶冲刷等进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。吸附-解吸是底泥污染的重要过程,为了控制水体底泥污染,对底泥对各种污染物的吸附-解吸机理及其影响因素的研究显得极其重要。本文总结了底泥中氮、磷和重金属等的吸附-解吸的影响因素及机理,对今后水体底泥污染方面的研究具有重要意义。     

湖泊内源磷的释放与富营养化的植物修复

阐述了磷形态的不同分类方法及磷的形态、水生生物、温度、pH值、溶解氧和扰动等因素对湖泊沉积层磷释放的影响,并对植物修复富营养化湖泊的机理和影响植物修复的环境因素进行了探讨和分析,指出在加强控制外源污染的同时,因地制宜,选择适宜的水生植物种类,对湖泊进行植物修复,逐步恢复湖泊的自然净化能力,可有效抑制湖泊富营养化。     

文思湖底泥COD释放规律模拟研究

采用室内模拟实验方法,研究环境因子（温度、pH、扰动强度、供气量）对底泥释放COD的影响。结果表明,水温升高能加速底泥中有机质的释放;上覆水在弱酸至中性条件下底泥释放有机质最低;扰动上覆水体会加快有机质的释放。     

论有机质在湖泊水环境中的作用

国内外学者在湖泊水环境方面开展了大量的研究,然而主要集中在各种形态氮、磷等营养盐上,对有机质的来源、循环及生态学效应的研究比较缺乏。近期研究表明：有机质是水体及沉积物中的重要组分,沉积物中有机质可经分解、矿化,释放到上覆水体,重新进入营养循环;同时,有机质对重金属及有机污染物的迁移转化有着重要影响。本文简要分析了湖泊有机质已有的研究进展,论述了有机质在湖泊水环境中的重要作用、主要技术突破及难点,指出有机质研究对水环境质量评价、污染控制和生态修复都具有重要意义。研究表明,开展有机质在水环境中循环转化、生物有效性及其与富营养化之间关系的研究,将是湖泊水环境研究领域未来的主要研究方向之一。     

湖泊水环境预测及污染的综合治理措施

湖泊水环境污染问题是世界性的环境问题，本文根据湖泊水的特点及水污染的现状，主要论述了湖泊水体的污染评价方法，及水环境预测方法在湖泊水体治理中的重要作用，并综合分析了富营养化的湖泊水治理措施。     

乌伦古湖上覆水水质因子与沉积物理化特性相关性研究

为了解乌伦古湖上覆水水质因子与沉积物理化特性之间的关系,本次对乌伦古湖8个(大湖5个,小湖3个)采样点的上覆水体水和沉积物的相关指标进行了统计性分析和相关性分析,结果表明:乌伦古湖水体中的溶解氧与沉积物有机磷、沉积物总氮、沉积物硝态氮呈一定的负相关,表明高溶解氧的水环境下,有利于抑制沉积物释放氮、磷;水体中的硝态氮与表层沉积物中的水溶性硝态氮、氨氮以及总氮无显著相关关系,表明水体硝态氮的治理应放在外源治理;水体中的总磷与沉积物总磷和沉积物无机磷呈较显著正相关关系,说明底泥中的总磷已经成为水体中总磷的来源之一。     

静态条件下持续时间对底泥中有机氯农药释放的影响

有机氯农药是广泛存在于环境中一类有机污染物,溶解度低,疏水性强,容易被颗粒物吸附,并随其在沉积物中积累,蓄积在沉积物中的有机氯农药在沉积物的再悬浮过程中会重新释放进入水体,造成二次污染。为了考察悬浮持续时间对沉积物中有机氟农药的释放的影响,采用沉积物释放模拟装置在60天内对微山湖沉积物中有机氯农药释放进行研究。结果表明,随着扰动时间的延长,上覆水中有机氯农药的含量在0—20天内增长很快,在60天左右含量趋于到稳定。不同的有机氟农药在扰动条件下,释放的速率和浓度是不一样的,其中水溶性大的农药更易向水体再次释放。     

有机质在水体富营养化过程中的作用及其对有机农业管理的启示意义

富营养化是指一种过程，在这一过程中，植物营养元素磷的增加与氧的锐减将导致湖泊生态系统发生一系列剧变。富营养化亦可被定义为生态系统中有机质输入速率增加的过程。从上述两方面的意义上讲，有机质的分解必然伴随生物可利用性磷的再生，从而对富营养化过程产生有效的反馈。本文扼要概述了上述反馈途径及其生态风险，即水体沉积物磷释放的原始驱动力来自有机质的分解，其主要途径包括自身的矿化与厌氧状态促成之后磷酸盐的解吸附。微生物群落将依有机质的数量和性质在分解过程的不同阶段发生明显变化，从而形成因时因地而异的分解速率与还原力，二者共同促进沉积物磷的释放，因高分解速率伴随高缺氧程度，且源于沉积物之长期库存，磷酸盐的解吸附量并非简单正比于有机质含量，而可能远大于此，换言之，有机质的大量输入与沉积可能导致生物有效性磷的净增，水体富营养化程度将因此而以正反馈的形式加剧。在倡导和推行有机农业的过程中，应充分注意并严格控制土壤有机质的流失。     

Effects of organic matter on phosphorus release kinetics in different trophic lake sediments and application of transition state theory

Sediments have a significant influence on the overlying water, and phosphorus (P) release from sediments is an important source for the lake eutrophication, particularly in shallow ones. In this study, effects of organic matter on P release from sediments in different trophic lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, China, were investigated, and the release kinetics of different P fractions at different temperature were studied. The results show that the release kinetics of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) were similar for the studied sediments, the release rate increased rapidly in the initial hours, and it increased gradually after 10h. The release kinetics of SRP, DOP and DTP followed the Power Function model. SRP was the major fraction among the released DTP, while DOP was an important fraction in the heavily polluted sediments. Organic matter restricted the SRP and DTP release while it promoted the DOP release. Both DOP and SRP release processes were endothermic. The thermodynamic properties in the P release kinetics were calculated and discussed.     

Precise and Economical Dredging Model of Sediments and Its Field Application: Case Study of a River Heavily Polluted by Organic Matter,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

Environmental dredging is an efficient means to counteract the eutrophication of water bodies caused by endogenous release of nitrogen and/or phosphorus from polluted sediments. The huge operational cost and subsequent disposal cost of the dredged polluted sediments, as well as the adverse effect on the benthic environment caused by excessive dredging, make the currently adopted dredging methods unfavorable. Precise dredging, i.e., determining the dredging depth based on the pollution level, not only significantly decreases the costs but also leaves a uniform favorable environment for benthos. However, there is still no feasible process to make this promising method executable. Taking a river heavily polluted by organic compounds as an example, we proposed an executable precise dredging process, including sediment survey, model establishment, data interpolation, and calculation of dredging amount. Compared with the traditional dredging method, the precise one would save 16 to 45 % of cost according to different pollutant removal demands. This precise dredging method was adopted by the National Water Project of China to treat the endogenous pollution of Nanfei River in 2010. This research provides a universal scientific and engineering basis for sediment dredging projects.     

Understanding the anthropogenic phosphorus pathway with substance flow analysis at the city level

Excessive input of phosphorus into natural water bodies as a result of anthropogenic processes is an escalating factor that leads to eutrophication. Hence, quantifying the pathway of phosphorus throughout the socioeconomic system is essential for the selection of appropriate measures to mitigate phosphorus discharge. The study develops an analytical model of anthropogenic phosphorus flows within a socioeconomic system based on substance flow analysis. The model consists of five major subsystems: the phosphorous chemical industry, agriculture, animal feeding, human consumption, and waste management. The results show that the total input and output of phosphorus in Chaohu City over 2008 are 8517.70 ton (t) and 4682.76 t, respectively. The estimation of phosphorus discharged into local surface water is 544.22 t, which primarily comes from agriculture (391.99 t, 72.03%), followed by large-scale farming (55.70 t, 10.23%), rural consumption (56.81 t, 10.44%), urban consumption (30.42 t, 5.59%), and waste management (9.30 t, 1.71%). Intensive input of fertilizers in agricultural practices was identified as the most important source of phosphorus load on local surface water. Hence, we propose that the eutrophication of local water bodies could be addressed by optimizing local industrial structure, developing ecological and organic-based agriculture, and improving waste collection and disposal practices.     

西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖水体富营养化状况及其季节变化——以成都麓山高尔夫球场人工湖为例

为评价西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖的营养状态,并探讨影响球场湖泊富营养化的原因,2010年1月至12月,以成都麓山高尔夫球场为例,对球场的4个球道人工湖(12号球道、13号球道、14号球道和16号球道)水体的水体理化性质进行监测。结果显示:人工湖的富营养化程度呈季节性变化,其在试验期内综合营养状态已达到轻度富营养的状态。水体营养盐主要来自于球场草坪的施肥,氮、磷等营养物质随降水输入人工湖,从而引起的湖泊富营养化,尤其体现在多雨的夏季。     

CHANGE IN LAKE TROPHIC STATE AND INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE AFTER ALUMINUM SULFATE APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: Recovery of eutrophic lakes after nutrient diversion may be delayed if the lake experiences significant internal phosphorus (p) loading to the water column. A maximum dose of aluminum sulfate, defined herein, was applied to the anaerobic sediments of the hypolimnia of two dimictic Ohio lakes following septic tank diversion, with the objective of attaining long term control of the release of phosphorus to the water column from these sediments. The results were compared to a similar, downstream, untreated lake. Total phosphorus concentration declined sharply after treatment and has remained so through 1980 for both lakes, a period of 5 and 6 years of control, respectively. Internal P loading from anaerobic, hypolimnetic sediments was partially controlled by the treatment but there are other important sources, perhaps in the littoral zone, in these lakes. Algal biomass is Smaller and water transparency has increased. Both lakes became mesotrophic after treatment, as described by the Carlson (1977) trophic state index, and remain in that improved condition to date. No deleterious side effects were observed, although one lake experienced a significant decrease in diversity of planktonic microcrustacea and a lakeward extension of the macrophyte community. This method appears to be an effective and lasting means of accelerating the recovery of a eutrophic lake following nutrient diversion.     

Sediment-based investigation of naturally or historically eutrophic lakes -- implications for lake management

Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive will call for new lake monitoring and management strategies. Therefore, different methods need to be tested in order to achieve reliable assessment of lake background conditions and water quality. Sediment-based techniques provide one such tool for lake management. In this work, 10 lakes, presumed to be naturally eutrophic, were investigated with a paleolimnological short core study. The aim of the study was to examine the composition of the diatom assemblages in their natural state, estimate their change over time and assess the background nutrient levels. One sediment profile from each lake was divided into six sub-samples that were analyzed for diatoms (60 samples). Diatom-based inference models were applied to reconstruct the past total phosphorus concentration and assess the eutrophication. The results indicated that all the lakes studied had already been nutrient-rich before the impact of modern agriculture. However, diatom assemblages have changed remarkably over time and total phosphorus concentrations have generally increased, so at present only two of the study lakes are close to their natural status. This suggests that naturally eutrophic lakes will probably require management actions to fulfill the new directive requirements in the future.     

关于水域富营养化及对我国洗涤剂"禁磷"的讨论

我国是世界上人口最多、洗涤剂用量巨大、水系丰富、水域富营养化问题突出的国家,也是世界上需要禁磷的国家。但由于种种原因,国内目前对洗涤剂的"禁磷"问题存在很大争议。近段时间来,太湖等水域出现了严重的环境危机。本文在介绍国内外有关洗涤剂"禁磷"概况的基础上,就防治水域富营养化及我国洗涤剂"禁磷"的问题进行了分析讨论,指出在水体富营养化的综合整治中,严格、完全禁磷是最重要的措施。     

Lake eutrophication management modeling using dynamic programming

Lake eutrophication problems have received considerable attention in Taiwan, especially because they relate to the quality of drinking water. In this study, steady-state river water quality and lake eutrophication models are solved using dynamic programming algorithms to find the nutrient removal rates for eutrophication control during dry season. The kinetic cycle of chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and nitrogen for a complete-mixed lake is considered in the optimization framework. The Newton-iterative technique is adopted to solve the nonlinear equations for the steady-state lake eutrophication model. The optimization framework is applied to Cheng-Ching Lake in southern Taiwan. Several nutrient loading scenarios for eutrophication control are studied. Optimization results for nutrient removal rates and corresponding wastewater treatment capacities of each reach of the Kao-Ping River define the least cost approach to lake eutrophication control. A natural purification method, structural free water surface wetland, is also suggested to save more investment and improve river water quality at the same time.     

Eutrophication of Lake Waters in China: Cost, Causes, and Control

Lake water eutrophication has become one of the most important factors impeding sustainable economic development in China. Knowledge of the current status of lake water eutrophicatoin and determination of its mechanism are prerequisites to devising a sound solution to the problem. Based on reviewing the literature, this paper elaborates on the evolutional process and current state of shallow inland lake water eutrophication in China. The mechanism of lake water eutrophication is explored from nutrient sources. In light of the identified mechanism strategies are proposed to control and tackle lake water eutrophication. This review reveals that water eutrophication in most lakes was initiated in the 1980s when the national economy underwent rapid development. At present, the problem of water eutrophication is still serious, with frequent occurrence of damaging algal blooms, which have disrupted the normal supply of drinking water in shore cities. Each destructive bloom caused a direct economic loss valued at billions of yuan. Nonpoint pollution sources, namely, waste discharge from agricultural fields and nutrients released from floor deposits, are identified as the two major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, all control and rehabilitation measures of lake water eutrophication should target these nutrient sources. Biological measures are recommended to rehabilitate eutrophied lake waters and restore the lake ecosystem in order to bring the problem under control.