城市环境水文问题分析

城市化对水环境污染是一个具有普遍性和严重性的问题.城市水环境污染分为点污染和面污染两类.本文针对城市降雨径流污染(城市面源污染)作了系统分析.其内容包括城市化对降雨径流的影响,城市面污染的积累和暴雨径流的冲刷,以及推求城市暴雨径流污染负荷过程的模拟途径.     

北方干河流域径流面源污染特性及污染负荷建模分析

北方干河流域径流受到外部温度的影响,容易产生较大的潜在蒸发量,影响累积污染排放率,导致污染削减强度过小,污染分析结果不准确,针对该问题,研究北方干河流域径流面源污染特性及污染负荷建模分析。采用水文循环作为径流驱动力,数值分析北方干河流域径流影响因子,确定面源污染的扩散速度,输出面源污染特性,采用SCS径流曲线模拟地表流量数值,确定潜在蒸发量数值,控制累积污染排放率,构建径流面源污染特性及污染负荷模型,完成北方干河流域径流面源污染特性及污染负荷建模分析。采集径流污染数据,输入面源污染数据,对比测试结果表明：该模型的削减强度数值最大,符合实际径流面源污染态势。     

沱江流域农村径流污染因素分析及防治措施

本文分析了沱江流域农村径流的污染因素和农村径流对沱江的影响,并提出了防治径流污染的措施,通过两年逐月沱江监测数据表明,雨季沱江受到农村径流污染。根据分析,降雨冲刷时段集中、地形坡度加剧径流冲刷、农作物种植安排抗蚀能力差、农药化肥流失严重等是造成沱江流域农村径流污染的主要因素。在农村径流污染因素分析的基础上提出防治农村径流污染的措施。     

三峡库区中小城镇城市降雨径流污染特征及现状研究

本研究采用从微观到宏观，在库区沿岸城镇诸多相关因素相似前提下，选择涪陵市为典型试验区；从水文因素，街道地表物累积冲刷规律研究着手，建立累积、冲刷计算模式，计算出涪陵市年降雨径流污染负荷和库区污染荷载因子，同时选择具有代表性的集水闭合小区进行水质、水量同步观测试验进行验证；确定外推因子，计算三峡库区城市降雨径流年冲刷入长江的总固体，ＳＳ，ＢＯＤ５，ＣＯＤ，Ｔ－Ｎ，Ｔ－Ｐ３量分别为５３９６８吨，３８０     

成都市中心城区非渗透下垫面降雨径流污染物特性研究

为进一步分析成都市中心城区河流受降雨径流面源污染的影响,在2016年和2017年共监测了8场次降雨事件,结果发现:(1)成都市中心城区非渗透性下垫面径流中的COD和TN浓度基本高于地表V类水质标准; TP高于Ⅲ类水质标准的频次为41. 8%,重金属指标基本在地表Ⅲ类水以内,近年来成都市中心城区降雨径流面源污染有所缓解,但污染程度总体与上海市近似,但显著高于美国大中城市监测结果;(2)除屋顶外(30%),各下垫面固液分配比例基本表现出初期的颗粒态冲刷效应。马路和小区路面TP颗粒态比例大于50%,COD颗粒态比例为60%左右;(3)相关性分析表明,颗粒态物质是降雨径流污染物的重要来源,且大多源于有机耗氧物质。     

生物修复技术治理农村面源水污染问题的调查研究

调查得知，随着农村化肥、农药、除草剂的大量使用以及禽畜养殖规模化的扩大，造成我国农村面源污染日趋严重。农村面源污染源分散，没有明确位置，其治理一直是个难题。本文结合成都市政府解决府南河水污染问题时采用的针对面源污染的生物修复技术，对此技术作了较深入的研究，并取得了一定的效果，对国内城市近郊农村面源污染有较好的参考价值。在对所需植物进行逐级实验后，可推广至农村以解决成都地区的面源污染问题。     

临沂市河东区农业面源污染现状及对策研究

农业面源污染是指农村的化肥、农药使用,畜禽养殖业、水产养殖业造成的污染,以及农膜、农作物秸秆、人粪尿、农村生活污水和农村生活垃圾等农业废弃物的污染。主要对临沂市河东区2006—2008年农业面源污染状况进行了调查,并提出了防治对策和建议。     

农业面源污染现状及其对策措施

目前,农业面源问题日益严重,对农业面源污染的现状、成因、危害进行了分析,并针对污染现状与面源污染的特点,提出了用各种技术手段和经济、法律手段来控制农业面源污染的对策,主要思路有：对农业面源污染这一复杂过程进行分析模拟．积极推广“末端”治理方法,削减农业面源污染,改善农业生态环境。     

我国的农业面源污染及改善对策探讨

阐述了农业面源污染的主要来源及危害,指出农业面源污染是当前农业可持续发展的主要障碍之一。由于我国农村过量和不合理地使用农药、化肥、地膜等,造成了农业面源不同程度的污染,给农业生产和农民生活带来了隐患,直接关系到农业可持续发展,应该采取有效措施加以解决。     

农业面源污染现状及其控制对策的研究进展

农业面源污染已经成为世界上污染贡献最大,控制难度最大的污染源。分析了世界上面源污染的危害,总结了前人对面源污染的研究途径,并且客观评价了几种常见的控制面源污染的对策,最后提出了面源污染没有得到有效控制的原因以及今后的主要研究方向。     

云南省洱海北部地区农田面源污染现状及控制的补偿政策

农田面源污染是洱海富营养化的重要原因之一。本文利用在洱海北部地区收集的实地调研数据,从化肥施用与流失和秸秆利用情况,分析了该地区的农田面源污染现状。结果表明：该地区的农田面源污染主要来源于大蒜田与玉米田的氮磷流失,以及大蒜秸秆与玉米秸秆的焚烧或丢弃。从补偿对象与主体、补偿标准、补偿环节与方式、配套政策四个方面,探讨了农田面源污染控制的补偿政策,并结合在洱海北部地区的实地调研资料,分析了测土配方施肥和秸秆还田两种农田面源污染控制技术采纳的补偿政策案例;提出政府应在基础设施建设、技术指导、教育培训、＂无公害＂农产品市场建设等方面给予政策支持。     

IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL NONPOINT POLLUTION SOURCE AREAS USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND WATER QUALITY MODELING1

n integrated approach coupling water quality computer simulation modeling with a geographic information system (GIS) was used to delineate critical areas of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution at the watershed level. Two simplified pollutant export models were integrated with the Virginia Geographic Information System (VirGIS) to estimate soil erosion, sediment yield, and phosphorus (P) loading from the Nomini Creek watershed located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. On the basis of selected criteria for soil erosion rate, sediment yield, and P loading, model outputs were used to identily watershed areas which exhibit three categories (low, medium, high) of non-point source pollution potentials. The percentage of the watershed area in each category, and the land area with critical pollution problems were also identified. For the 1505-ha Nomini Creek watershed, about 15, 16, and 21 percent of the watershed area were delineated as sources of critical soil erosion, sediment, and phosphorus pollution problems, respectively. In general, the study demonstrated the usefulness of integrating GIS with simulation modeling for nonpoint source pollution control and planning. Such techniques can facilitate making priorities and targeting nonpoint source pollution control programs.     

MODELING URBAN NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION WITH A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A geographic information system (GIS) was a useful aid in the assessment of urban nonpoint source pollution and the development of a pollution control strategy. The GIS was used for data integration and display, and to provide data for a nonpoint source model. An empirical nonpoint source loading model driven by land use was used to estimate pollutant loadings of priority pollutants. Pollutant loadings were estimated at fine spatial resolution and aggregated to storm sewer drainage basins (sewersheds). Eleven sewersheds were generated from digital versions of sewer maps. The pollutant loadings of individual land use polygons, derived as the units of analysis from street blocks, were aggregated to get total pollutant loadings within each sewershed. Based on the model output, a critical sewershed was located. Pollutant loadings at major sewer junctions within the critical sewershed were estimated to develop a mitigation strategy. Two approaches based on the installation of wet ponds were investigated - a regional approach using one large wet pond at the major sewer outfall and a multisite approach using a number of smaller sites for each major sewer junction. Cost analyses showed that the regional approach would be more cost effective, though it would provide less pollution control.     

SIMULATION OF URBAN NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Public Law 92–00 has mandated the need for evaluating the impact of nonpoint source pollution on receiving water quality, primarily through Section 208 Areawide Planning. The Management of Urban Non-Point Pollution (MUNP) model was developed to estimate the accumulation of eight non-point pollutants on urban streets, their removal by both rainfall and street sweeping operations. The model can simulate the following pollutants: total solids or sediment-like material, volatile solids, five-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, and total heavy metals. The simulated results can be used for investigation of non-point pollution management alternatives. The model is capable of reflecting variation in such diverse factors as physical and chemical characteristics of accumulated pollutants, land use characteristics, rainfall characteristics, street sweeper characteristics, roadway characteristics, and traffic conditions. By using mean estimates of many input variables for large segments of a city, the MUNP model could be used to quickly assess the magnitude of pollutants annually entering receiving waterways due to nonpoint source pollution alone. If the results indicate that non-point pollution loadings are sizeable and require futher analysis, the MUNP model could be used to define the specific nonpoint source pollution areas within a city. Hypothetical locations and actual rainfall data for Washigton D.C. were used to demonstrate some capabilities of the MUNP model.     

城市发展与水环境污染的研究

本文研究了城市发展与水环境污染的关系。运用灰色关联分析表明,对水污染排放的影响程度大小依次为:人口密度(γ1=0.4456)工业发展(γ3=0.3498)环保投入(γ2=0.2656)。通过弹性系数预测法分析了上海废水排放与人均GDP的发展趋势。     

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY INDEX FOR AN ALABAMA COASTAL PLAIN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Activities such as agriculture, silviculture, and mining contribute nonpoint pollution to Alabama's streams through polluted runoff and excessive sedimentation. Highly erodible soils characteristic of the Choctawhatchee‐Pea Rivers watershed, combined with intense rainfall and land use practices, contribute large amounts of sediment to streams. Biological monitoring can reflect the acute impacts of pollutants as well as prolonged effects of habitat alteration, and development of biological criteria is important for the establishment of enforceable laws regarding nonpoint source pollution. Macroinvertebrates were collected from 49 randomly selected sites from first through sixth‐order streams in the Choctawhatchee‐Pea Rivers watershed and were identified to genus level. Thirty‐eight candidate metrics were examined, and an invertebrate community index (ICI) was calibrated by eliminating metrics that failed to separate impaired from unimpaired streams. Each site was scored with those metrics, and narrative scores were assigned based on ICI scores. Least impacted sites scored significantly lower than sites impacted by row crop agriculture, cattle, and urban land uses. Conditions in the watershed suggest that the entire area has experienced degradation through past and current land use practices. An initial validation of the index was performed and is described. Additional evaluations of the index are in progress.     

滨海新区大港农业非点源污染状况研究简

立足天津市滨海新区大港农业背景情况,采用适宜的方法,分别从种植业、畜禽养殖和水产养殖业三方面分析非点源污染物排放量。结果表明：2010年大港地区农业非点源主要污染物COD排放量为377.67 t,氨氮排放量为72.33 t,畜禽养殖排放的污染已占农业非点源污染的一半以上。在此基础上,分别从优化畜禽养殖的养殖模式、种植业科学施用化学品、水产养殖合理投放饲料等方面提出了大港地区农业非点源污染控制的对策。     

基于三角白化权函数的城市工业污染灰色聚类评估——以江苏省为例

以工业＂三废＂（废气、废水和固体废弃物）为研究对象,选取废气、二氧化硫、烟尘、粉尘、废水、化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮、固体废弃物和危险废弃物等9个具体指标建立城市工业污染评价指标体系。基于三角白化权函数,将江苏省13个城市的工业污染情况分成不同灰类进行综合聚类评估。研究表明,受规模效应、结构效应和广义技术效应的影响,南京、苏州和无锡属于相对严重污染,常州、镇江、扬州、泰州、南通、淮安和徐州属于一般污染,盐城、宿迁和连云港属于相对轻微污染。     

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED NONPOINT POLLUTION MODELING1

ABSTRACT: The reauthorization of the Clean Water Act reemphasizes the need for regional scale monitoring and management of nonpoint pollution loads. The magnitude of the task will require that local governments and their consultants integrate information systems and modeling if they are to manage the massive data sets and conduct the array of simulations that will be needed to support the decision making processes. Interfacing geographic information systems (GIS) and nonpoint pollution modeling is a logical approach. The objective of the present study was to use the 37,000-acre area defined by the Kensington Quadrangle sheet in Montgomery County, Maryland, to show that GIS-supported nonpoint pollution modeling is practical and economically attractive. The purpose of the GIS is to estimate the spatial distribution of nonpoint nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc, lead, BOD, and sediment using a model developed by the Northern Virginia Planning District Commission. The system allows the user to change land uses in subareas to simulate the consequences of additional development or alternate management strategies. The tests show that in-house development of this type of special purpose GIS is a practical alternative to vendor supplied systems and that the required databases can be developed quite reasonably.     

重庆市河堰村景观改变对水环境的影响

为了研究农村景观改变对水环境的影响,选取重庆市河堰村为研究对象,运用SWMM水文模拟软件,分析了研究区域的景观变迁与水量、水质变化的相互关系;通过访谈当地居民,分析了土地利用与景观变化对水环境的影响机制。认为(1)散点状的居民点分布模式与"村村通公路,户户通水泥"的农村道路建设以及庭院硬质化导致农村不透水表面面积迅速增加,缩短了雨水汇流时间并加速了污染物向水体的转移。(2)山体开发和现代农田水利工程的建设,如水库、山坪塘和排灌沟渠等的建设导致水体自净能力降低,加重了水体污染。(3)地表硬质化与河床沟渠化加速了水过程从而加速水环境的破坏。(4)人水关系由"我"、"你"变成"我"、"它",农民在卫生意识上升的同时缺乏相应的环保意识。