铁路列车用通信设备的抗振设计

作者在文中叙述了研究铁路列车用通信设备抗振设计的必要性,阐述并分析了对运行列车的振动、冲击环境实测情况,最后提出对铁路列车用通信设备内部抗振动、抗冲击结构设计拟采取的措施。     

公众参与在铁路工程项目设计过程中的实证研究——以成渝客运专线为例

公众参与是铁路工程项目规划、设计和建设的重要组成部分,也将是铁路设计过程中不可或缺的环节和机制。本文研究了铁路工程项目中公众参与的背景、目的、原则和方式,并以成渝客运专线为实例进行分析,对铁路工程项目中公众参与的前景做出了展望。成渝客运专线贯彻综合最优化的设计理念,对公众参与工作高度重视,针对目前国内公众参与工程建设项目的现状,积极开展了公众参与的有益尝试,并采纳合理可行的公众意见,多次优化工程设计及强化降噪措施,取得了良好的效果,将对今后我国铁路建设项目的公众参与工作产生积极的影响。     

新建铁路邻近既有铁路的声屏障降噪效果研究

以某既有铁路及新建铁路并行穿越某居民区为例,对该区域的交通噪声现状进行监测分析,表明环境噪声受铁路噪声影响较大,对于临街建筑的影响为从低楼层至高楼层呈逐渐增大的趋势。考虑既有铁路和新建铁路的共同影响,建立了Cadna/A噪声预测模型,预测了采用声屏障降噪措施前后区域的环境噪声空间分布特征。结果表明,设置声屏障措施能有效减少铁路噪声的影响,预测点昼间均能达标,夜间达标率为50%,但超标点位的预测值基本相当或优于现状值。     

铁路建设项目水土保持工作管理途径思考

铁路建设单位加强水土保持工作管理能够有效减少水土流失及其危害,实现工程沿线生态环境的有效保护。从铁路建设单位水土保持工作管理角度入手,通过划定合理的水土保持工作管理原则,分析铁路工程建设不同阶段水土保持管理的重点工作及过程控制措施,探讨了以全过程、标准化、精细化管理为基础的水土保持工作管理方向,切实促进建设单位提高各项水土保持工作管理的质量和效能。     

严酷温度环境中使用的航空电子产品的最佳设计方法

电子设备遭受高低温的影响,全部使其电气性能变坏、元器件失效、结构稳定性降低。作者指出,只要从线路设计、元器件选择和热设计等方面着手,采取适当措施,电子设备是能够适应高低温环境,满足严酷的环境标准的要求的。     

高原电工产品和电气设备新思路

根据铁路建设的特点和要求，提出了青藏铁路电工产品和电气设备高原适用性研究的新思路。     

舰船通信控制管理系统的可靠性设计

可靠性是军用通信设备的重要指标。本文对某舰船通信控制管理系统的可靠性指标进行了分析、预计,阐述了提高系统可靠性的各种设计措施,通过一系列的可靠性工程活动,保障了系统的可靠性达到指标要求。     

浅析烟气湿法脱硫取消旁路的工艺技术方案

根据目前火力发电机组取消旁路烟道的要求,讨论了旁路烟道取消后给机组及脱硫系统带来的一系列技术问题,从应对措施、改造设计及项目实施等方面进行分析,总结了项目改造的具体技术方案。     

青藏高原东北部河盆区线性工程沿线生态环境建设

公路、铁路、油气管线等是造成青藏高原脆弱生态环境严重破坏的线性工程。笔者通过对青藏高原东北部河盆区线性工程引发环境地质问题进行分析,指出了地质环境生态环境治理恢复的工程措施及所面临的实际问题,并提出相应的建议。     

声屏障在化工行业的应用

化工行业噪声源多,声级高,防火、防爆、防腐、防风险等要求特别严格。采用常规噪声控制措施受到许多限制,而采用隔声吸声屏障降噪有一定效果。本文以上海几个化工企业为例,论述了隔声吸声屏障的设计、应用及效果。     

Evaluating soundscape intentions in landscape architecture: a study of competition entries for a new cemetery in Järva,Stockholm

While soundscape is increasingly acknowledged within landscape planning and design discourse, there is little research that clarifies how soundscapes are actually dealt with in landscape architecture practice – partly owing to methodological insufficiencies. This paper, therefore, describes a model for evaluating soundscape treatment in landscape design proposals, focusing on three key aspects. With the dual aim of testing the model, and learning more about how soundscape is approached in practice, the paper spotlights a major design competition for a new cemetery in Sweden. The model proved fruitful and easy to apply. It showed that only limited attention was paid to soundscape in the competition as a whole, and was a useful means of pinpointing proposals where soundscape was fully considered as a design feature; one competition entry that did so is described in the paper. Discussions cover design practice, trends in the competition and model application.     

Implementing landscape fragmentation as an indicator in the Swiss Monitoring System Of Sustainable Development (Monet)

There is an increasing need and interest in including indicators of landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems of sustainable landscape management. Landscape fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure and urban development threatens human and environmental well-being by noise and pollution from traffic, reducing the size and viability of wildlife populations, facilitating the spread of invasive species, and impairing the scenic and recreational qualities of the landscape. This paper provides the rationale, method, and data for including landscape fragmentation in monitoring systems, using as an example the Swiss Monitoring System of Sustainable Development (Monet). We defined and compared four levels of fragmentation analysis, or fragmentation geometries (FGs), each based on different fragmenting elements, e.g., only anthropogenic, or combinations of anthropogenic and natural elements. As each FG has specific strengths and weaknesses, the most appropriate choice of FG depends on the context and objectives of a study. We present data on the current degree of landscape fragmentation for the five ecoregions and 26 cantons in Switzerland for all four FGs. Our results show that the degree of landscape fragmentation as quantified by the effective mesh size method is strongly supported by the postulates and indicator selection criteria of Monet, and we identify the most suitable FG focusing on the land area below 2100 m (e.g., excluding lakes) and allowing for an equitable comparison of fragmentation degrees among regions that differ in area covered by lakes and high mountains. For a more detailed analysis of landscape fragmentation in the context of environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments, a combination of all four FGs may provide a more informative tool than any single FG.     

Environmental Condition Assessment of US Military Installations Using GIS Based Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

Environment functions in various aspects including soil and water conservation, biodiversity and habitats, and landscape aesthetics. Comprehensive assessment of environmental condition is thus a great challenge. The issues include how to assess individual environmental components such as landscape aesthetics and integrate them into an indicator that can comprehensively quantify environmental condition. In this study, a geographic information systems based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis was used to integrate environmental variables and create the indicator. This approach was applied to Fort Riley Military installation in which land condition and its dynamics due to military training activities were assessed. The indicator was derived by integrating soil erosion, water quality, landscape fragmentation, landscape aesthetics, and noise based on the weights from the experts by assessing and ranking the environmental variables in terms of their importance. The results showed that landscape level indicator well quantified the overall environmental condition and its dynamics, while the indicator at level of patch that is defined as a homogeneous area that is different from its surroundings detailed the spatiotemporal variability of environmental condition. The environmental condition was mostly determined by soil erosion, then landscape fragmentation, water quality, landscape aesthetics, and noise. Overall, environmental condition at both landscape and patch levels greatly varied depending on the degree of ground and canopy disturbance and their spatial patterns due to military training activities and being related to slope. It was also determined the environment itself could be recovered quickly once military training was halt or reduced. Thus, this study provided an effective tool for the army land managers to monitor environmental dynamics and plan military training activities. Its limitation lies at that the obtained values of the indicator vary and are subjective to the experts' knowledge and experience. Thus, further advancing this approach is needed by developing a scientific method to derive the weights of environmental variables.     

旅游规划中的创意景观设计——以崇州市鸿乐仙境创意景观工程设计为例

出色的景观设计是乡村旅游规划中的重要产品之一.以崇州市鸿乐仙境创意景观工程设计为例,提出了一种基于环境要素体系的创意景观工程设计方法和程序.     

大庆油田湖泊湿地景观生态设计探讨

采用景观生态设计的方法,将大庆油田职工生活居住区内湖泊湿地的湖盆、湖岸、湿地、水体及植物、地貌、土壤等自然因素作为一个整体,对湖底、湖岸、浅水区、湖滨带等地进行了景观生态设计。该设计方案体现了地方性特征,保护与节约了自然资源,显露了自然特色,达到了对环境影响最小、资本投入少、生态效益最大的设计目的。     

Community noise problems: Evidence against adaptation

It is commonly believed that people adapt rather easily to noise. This article reviews the available research, finding little evidence that any adaptation occurs in community settings. Much of this research, however, is open to alternative interpretations. The present study, examining reactions to traffic noise from the opening of a major new highway, was designed to remedy many of the problems with previous research. The investigation incorporated both a repeated measures design (the same respondents were interviewed 4 and 16 months after the highway opening) and an independent groups design (separate groups were interviewed either 4 or 16 months after opening). In addition, a pre-opening interview was carried out with the repeated measures panel. There was no evidence of appreciable adaptation in self-reported noise effects, annoyance, or tendency to focus attention on the noise. Instead respondents became more pessimistic about their ability to adapt to noise as time went by.     

Cosmetics or Critical Constraints? The Role of Landscape in Design Policies in English Development Plans

This paper reviews the nature of landscape policies pertaining to the design of urban development in the post 1992 generation of English development plans. It examines the landscape concepts which underpin policy and concludes that these are essentially concerned with landscaping as a cosmetic activity, an afterthought in the design process. Recommendations are made for the development of policies that will allow landscape considerations to be integrated with nature conservation and ecology considerations and thereby assume a fundamental role in urban design policies as a key element in ensuring sustainable development.     

The landscape design of forestry

The value placed by the public on the nation's rural landscapes is emphasised by vociferous criticism of insensitive, large‐scale afforestation. As forestry causes massive changes in the landscape in the short term, with results that last for decades, the opportunity provided to improve and conserve should be positively grasped. There is evidence that concensus exists over a considerable part of landscape and design, and this paper explores some of the major factors in landscape design which are consistently important in forest landscapes.     

园林工程与生态实验室建设初探

为了适应园林工程与生态保护的实验课程建设,建议建设园林工程与生态实验室;该实验室将建立三个分实验室,即园林规划设计实验分室、植物栽培与保护实验分室、测绘与生态监测实验分室;实验室投入使用后可以满足园林及生态保护所有的课程实验,并为教师提供科研基地。     

Effects of habitat and landscape fragmentation on humans and biodiversity in densely populated landscapes

Landscape fragmentation has often been seen as an only ecological problem. However, fragmentation also has a societal perspective, namely, in how humans perceive landscape fragmentation and in how landscape fragmentation potentially influences human well-being. These latter aspects have rarely been addressed so far. The inter-relationship of ecological and human dimensions of landscape fragmentation becomes especially evident when looking at the landscape where most people in industrial countries live, namely in suburban and urban areas. In these areas, landscape planners and environmental managers are confronted with the problem that landscapes should fullfil various functions, often with conflicting goals, e.g. nature reserves to enhance species richness vs. recreational areas for city-dwellers. We reviewed the ecological and sociological literature relevant for fragmentation in suburban and urban landscapes. In an interdisciplinary approach, we evaluated whether there are similarities and dissimilarities between the ecological and the human aspects of landscape fragmentation. We found important similarities. An example is that for both, humans and biodiversity, the loss of semi-natural areas has more drastic effects than the fragmentation of these areas per se. However, there are also relevant differences. We concluded that in densely populated landscapes a shift from responsive planning to an intentional design of environments is therefore needed.