湖泊富营养化模型的研究进展

湖泊的富营养化是全球普遍关注的环境问题之一.湖泊的富营养化模型是防治、修复和治理湖泊富营养化的重要决策工具.按研究的侧重点不同,将湖泊富营养化模型分为简单回归模型、水质模型、生态模型和生态-水动力水质模型,并分别回顾了四类模型的研究进展.最后指出湖泊富营养化模型的发展趋势,强调不确定理论、3S技术、耦合模型是今后湖泊富营养化模型研究的重点,应在此基础上建立通用的模拟、预测、评价和优化模型,为湖泊富营养化管理提供科学依据.     

湖泊富营养化模型的研究进展

湖泊的富营养化是全球普遍关注的环境问题之一.湖泊的富营养化模型是防治、修复和治理湖泊富营养化的重要决策工具.按研究的侧重点不同,将湖泊富营养化模型分为简单回归模型、水质模型、生态模型和生态-水动力水质模型,并分别回顾了四类模型的研究进展.最后指出湖泊富营养化模型的发展趋势,强调不确定理论、3S技术、耦合模型是今后湖泊富营养化模型研究的重点,应在此基础上建立通用的模拟、预测、评价和优化模型,为湖泊富营养化管理提供科学依据.     

基于容量迭加法的乌梁素海承载力计算

湖泊承载力的计算一般建立在水环境容量的基础上,而水环境容量的确定涉及污染物降解系数。由于乌梁素海的挺水植物、浮水植物和沉水植物呈相间分布,时有共生,分布面积也各有差异,并伴生着多种藻类,因此该湖的降解系数的确定存在一定的难度。容量迭加的方法避开了降解系数确定的问题,其物理意义明确,容易操作。应用容量迭加的方法对乌梁素海2006年5～10月的COD、TN和TP的环境容量进行了计算。从结果可以看出,水生植物群落分布和水生植物量决定了湖区对污染物的降解能力,直接影响其水环境容量。在此基础上,确定了乌梁素海5～10月的水质承载力CCPZ,将当地的社会经济发展状况与湖泊水环境承载力结合起来。计算求得CCPZ=1.115>1.0(当CCPZ=1.0时,湖泊实际承载的社会发展与允许值平衡),说明集水流域中的社会经济发展水平超过了湖泊所允许的水环境承载力,需要调整产业结构,从污染源控制污染物的排放,降低对湖区水环境的压力,实现社会、经济和环境协调可持续发展。     

基于MODIS数据遥感反演呼伦湖水体总磷浓度及富营养化状态评价

水体中总磷的浓度是衡量水环境的重要指标之一,对于水质和富营养化评价的研究具有重要意义。利用遥感卫星反演TP浓度并进行湖泊富营养化评价可以对湖泊TP浓度分布及富营养化程度进行全面整体监测,对水体水质实时动态监测和富营养化、洪灾等应急处理有较大的实用价值。以呼伦湖为研究区域,分别用2012年8月5日和2013年7月2日13个取样点的实测TP浓度值并结合同一天MODIS影像,进行TP浓度的特征波段选择,建立了基于MODIS遥感影像的半经验回归模型并进行验证,然后,应用模型反演呼伦湖2013年5—10月水体TP浓度值并结合舒金华修正营养状态指数模型进行富营养化评价。结果表明,在呼伦湖流域应用MODIS数据500 m分辨率中的第6、7波段可以较好地模拟水体中的TP浓度,呼伦湖2013年5—10月TP浓度分布较均匀,水体呈富营养化水平,与日常观测和其他学者得到的结果一致。研究表明,模型具有一定的预测能力,利用MODIS影像可以较好地对湖泊水体TP浓度进行反演并评价富营养化水平。     

基于浮游植物完整性指数的阳澄湖生态健康状态评价

为探究在以中华绒螯蟹养殖为主的情况下阳澄湖浮游植物群落结构与湖泊生态系统健康状态,于2022年7月(夏)和12月(冬)进行2次浮游植物样品采集和水环境因子测定,构建浮游植物完整性指数(P-IBI)体系,评价阳澄湖健康状况。结果表明：P-IBI评价显示阳澄湖夏、冬季的健康状态分别为一般、健康状态;夏季健康状况从优至劣依次为东湖、西湖、中湖,冬季则为西湖、中湖、东湖。P-IBI与透明度、流速、硝态氮、总氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与pH、水温、磷酸盐、叶绿素a和高锰酸盐指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。水环境因子直接或间接驱动了浮游植物群落结构和生物完整性的变化。     

用计算法和增量计算法验证预测模式的讨论

随着环境影响评价技术的发展，预测模式的验证显得越来越有必要。但一般项目无条件采用风洞模拟或释放示踪剂等方法进行验证。本文介绍在污染源、定点环境大气(水)质量和气象(水文)条件同步实测的前题下，采用计算法和增量计算法验证大气和水环境浓度预测模式。然后筛选出预测与实测浓度间的相关系数在0．7以上，适用于评价项目性质及其所在地气象、水文、地形等因素的预测模式。因而提高了拟建项目投产后，对周围环境影响预测结果的可靠程度。     

盲数理论在湖泊总磷控制中的应用研究

根据盲数理论,定义了湖泊水环境系统盲参数的概念。在此基础上,结合经验总磷模型,通过对模型参数的盲数化处理,得到各种可能的取值区间及其相对应的可信度。根据对九寨沟内的湖泊,在一个水文年的监测资料的分析,采用Vollenweider式的经验总磷模型,对各个湖泊进行了总磷的平衡浓度预测。     

湖泊的氮磷平衡和富营养化模型

湖泊是人类十分重要的水资源,在工农业供水、淡水养殖、交通航运、城乡饮水、风景旅游以及调节环境等方面具有突出的地位和显著的经济效益.然而人类活动引起的营养性物质的大量排放,促进和加速了湖泊富营养化过程,严重影响湖泊水环境质量和功能,因此世界各国都非常重视湖泊富营养     

不同生态分区参照湖泊筛选技术方法探讨

中国不同生态分区的湖泊在成因、类型、演变过程、营养物效应以及物理、化学、生物学特性等方面均存在着显著的地域性差异,同时湖泊流域人口密集、社会经济发达,湖泊普遍受人类扰动大,科学地筛选出不同生态分区的参照湖泊是建立生态分区湖泊营养物基准的重要基础。详细介绍了参照湖泊筛选的主要程序、筛选的指标体系和筛选方法,论述了筛选出参照湖泊后的量化评价和检验的方法,以去除不满足要求的参照湖泊。针对中国湖泊特点,分析了中国不同生态分区参照湖泊确定存在的问题和解决方法,以指导不同生态分区参照湖泊的确定。     

逸度模型(上)

本文综述了D·Mackay的逸度模型。这种模型可用于化学品的风险性评价,预测化学品在湖泊、河流和单元世界环境中的迁移和归趋。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.