污泥添加园林废弃物堆肥过程参数变化及腐熟度综合评价

为研究污泥添加园林废弃物混合堆肥过程中相关参数变化及腐熟度综合评价,选取表观指数、堆肥高温期(≥55℃)持续时间、p H值、碳氮降解率、种子发芽指数等5项评价指标,运用模糊综合评价法和灰色聚类法,综合评价了7种不同工况(添加的园林废弃物体积分别占总堆肥体积的0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%和60%,依次记为工况S、G1S9、G1S4、G3S7、G2S3、G1S1、G3S2)堆肥样品0~60 d的腐熟程度,为研究北京市污泥处理处置和污泥堆肥腐熟度的评价提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)堆肥过程中,温度、p H值、种子发芽指数整体呈现先增大后减小再稳定的过程,碳氮降解率呈先增大后稳定的规律。其中,工况G2S3堆肥高温期持续时间较长(16 d),p H值升高和下降速度都比较快,碳氮降解率、种子发芽指数都大于其他工况。(2)模糊综合评价法结果显示工况S和工况G1S9均为基本腐熟,而灰色聚类法评价结果均为未腐熟;两种评价方法均显示,工况G1S4、G3S7,最终达到较好腐熟;工况G2S3、G1S1、G3S2在第27天达到完全腐熟。(3)模糊综合评价法和灰色聚类法都综合考虑了各参数对堆肥腐熟度的影响,但权重计算方法不同,前者主要根据实测值确定权重,强调极值的作用,导致实测值小的指标失去评价的作用;后者主要根据评价标准值来确定权重,权重隐含在变化幅度不同的各级标准值中。综合考虑,灰色聚类法更适用于污泥添加园林废弃物堆肥腐熟度评价。综上所述,工况G2S3使污泥与园林绿化废弃物均能得到最大化利用,且能促进堆肥腐熟,取得较好的堆肥效果。     

河北省承德地区秸秆堆肥特性及腐熟度评价

以河北省承德地区的油葵秸秆、玉米秸秆、大豆秸秆与鸡粪为原料,设置4种不同配比（F1、F2、F3、F4）,于2009年秋末接种EM菌进行堆肥试验.通过对堆肥过程中堆体的温度、含水率、NH4＋-N、NO3--N、pH值、C/N、T值的测定,研究了不同配比对堆肥腐熟度的影响.采用大白菜种子发芽指数（GI）评价了堆肥的腐熟度和...     

微生物菌剂堆肥中草药渣中试研究北大核心CSCD

木质纤维素降解是中草药渣堆肥的主要难点.在前期小试的基础上,接种纤维素降解菌剂,将1 t新鲜药渣直接进行好氧堆肥.腐熟度指标T值和种子发芽指数(GI)显示,堆肥19 d左右就已经腐熟.堆肥过程中接种组(JZ)和对照组(CK)的纤维素平均降解速率分别为0.73 kg/d和0.64 kg/d,JZ比CK纤维素降解总量提高了13.39%,木质素降解量提高118.18%.第30天时,堆肥的含水率、p H、总养分、重金属等指标都达到有机肥料标准(NY 525-2012).接种菌剂提高了堆肥温度,加速了水分散失,促进了纤维素和木质的转化,有利于堆肥腐熟和提高肥料品质.因此,在中试规模上堆肥中草药渣生产有机肥是可行的.     

不同环境温度条件对脱水污泥堆肥效果的影响研究

为明确不同环境温度对脱水污泥堆肥效果的影响,试验采用双层反应器进行水浴保温模拟不同环境温度,分别设置10℃(CT10)和25℃(CT25)两个处理并运行30 d,通过分析污泥堆肥过程中温度、pH、总氮、C/N比值、腐殖酸含量等指标变化特征,比较两个处理的污泥腐熟效果。结果表明:CT25堆肥处理进入55℃高温期并维持8 d,较CT10处理提前3 d达到高温期并多维持3 d;两个处理堆体的pH值变化范围为7.10~7.91,呈先升后降趋势,且CT25处理pH值的升高、降低幅度更大;两种堆肥处理有机质和总氮含量呈降低趋势,且同一时期CT25处理低于CT10,其中18 d取样时两处理有机质含量呈显著性差异(P0.05),两处理总氮在堆肥各时期没有呈现显著差异(P0.05);整个运行期间,堆体腐殖酸含量呈增加趋势,堆肥结束时,CT25处理的腐殖质含量达24.18%,较CT10处理提高5.52%;通过T值(T=(C/N)终/(C/N)始0.6)判断两处理的污泥腐熟程度,结果显示,第18天时CT25处理的T值为0.59,堆体达到腐熟,CT10处理在第30天时才达到腐熟。上述结果表明,利用该反应器进行脱水污泥堆肥,较高温度启动可以实现污泥更快速、充分腐熟。通过对脱水污泥堆肥反应器启动温度的控制,可为低温条件下脱水污泥的快速腐熟控制提供参考。     

猪粪和锯末联合堆肥的中试研究

以 3种配比的猪粪和锯末为原料 ,进行了联合堆肥中试研究。一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统 ,周期 1 5d ;二次发酵采用定期翻堆自然腐熟 ,周期 30d。试验分析了堆制过程中温度、含水率、有机质、pH值的变化。对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明 ,3种配比的堆肥产物均可达到腐熟度要求。猪粪养分含量越高 ,产物养分越高。通过堆肥工艺的优化控制和加水措施 ,猪粪和锯末联合堆制可以在 4 5d内获得高质量的有机肥 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

猎粪和锯末联合堆肥的中试研究

以3种配比的猪粪和锯末为原料，进行了联合堆肥中试研究。一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统，周期15d；二次发酵采用定期翻堆自然腐熟，周期30d。试验分析了堆制过程中温度、含水率、有机质、Ph值的变化。对堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析表明，3种配比的堆肥产物均可达到腐熟度要求。猪粪养分含量越高，产物养分越高。通过堆肥工艺的优化控制和加水措施，猪粪的锯末联合堆制可以在45d内获得高质量的有机肥，具有良好的应用前景。     

高温堆肥对猪粪中多类抗生素的去除效果

在人工控制条件下进行高温堆肥,考察不同通风方式对堆体温度、发芽指数等堆肥腐熟指标的影响,研究堆肥过程对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMN)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)和泰妙霉素(TIA)这4种常见畜用抗生素的去除效率.结果表明,翻堆+机械通风的方式可以促进堆肥腐熟进程,提高堆体最高温度并延长堆体高温阶段持续时间.抗生素的去除主要发生在堆体升温及高温阶段,且去除效率随着堆体最高温度的升高而提高.在4种抗生素添加量均为100 mg·kg-1条件下,堆肥腐熟进程并未受到较大影响.经过28 d的高温堆肥,SMN、OTC、CTC和TIA的残留量分别为1.90、7.20、6.64和8.75 mg· kg-1.     

粪渣污泥好氧堆肥过程中主要理化性质的动态变化

进行了粪渣污泥的强制通风静态垛堆肥试验,分析了温度、氧气、含水率和挥发性有机物在堆肥不同阶段的变化特征。粪渣与木屑质量1∶1.5的比例下,能够实现快速高温好氧堆肥,堆体温度在高温期持续9d,达到无害化的卫生学要求。堆体耗氧速率在升温阶段后期上升到最大值,此后持续降低,到堆肥后期趋于稳定。据此提出了相应的通风策略。在堆肥过程中,物料的含水率和挥发性有机物含量持续降低,但到堆肥后期趋于稳定,堆肥结束时分别减小17个百分点和10.4个百分点。     

木薯皮堆肥过程中酶活性的变化

以木薯皮为原料进行高温堆肥发酵,研究了堆肥化过程中理化性质和酶活性的变化情况.结果表明:在堆肥发酵过程中.温度变化呈先上升后下降趋势,到后期已趋近于初始温度;而含水率在堆肥处理过程中变化不大.各处理的pH值在发酵结束时为7.3～7.5.过氧化氢酶活性初期较高,随后迅速降低,并维持在较低水平.纤维素酶和脲酶活性在堆肥初期增加,之后逐渐降低.由于堆肥原料不同,不同处理的酶活性变化趋势表现出一定的差异.考虑到堆肥腐熟度受多方面因素的影响,判断堆肥腐熟度时应根据多种指标(包括生物学、化学、物理学指标)综合判断.     

磷酸盐添加对快速好氧堆肥过程pH及腐熟效果的影响

随着我国环保政策的日趋严格,具有堆肥周期短、产品质量好、二次污染小等优点的反应器快速好氧堆肥工艺受到人们的广泛关注.然而,由于堆肥原料的有机物含量高,导致快速堆肥初期的有机酸累积,堆体pH偏低,影响堆肥效果.本研究拟通过添加磷酸盐,解决剩余污泥反应器快速堆肥过程出现的pH偏低问题.结果表明,添加磷酸盐可有效控制堆体pH,堆肥初期,HPO_4~-通过与有机酸解离产生的H~+反应生成H_2PO~-_4,提高堆体pH,堆肥后期,蛋白质降解产生较多NH~+_4,导致pH升高,堆体中的H_2PO~-_4通过与OH~-结合生成HPO_4~-,降低堆体pH.当HPO_4~-与H_2PO~-_4的摩尔比为2∶5时,堆体pH值可维持在6.0—8.5之间,有机物降解率最高,堆体的NH~+_4-N含量最大,达3.99 mg·g~(-1),堆肥过程的保氮效果较好,且所得堆肥产品的种子发芽指数也较高,腐熟程度良好.     

Increasing the performance of anaerobic digestion: Pilot scale experimental study for thermal hydrolysis of mixed sludge

The performance of a pilot plant operation combining thermal hydrolysis (170°C, 30 min) and anaerobic digestion (AD) was studied, determining the main properties for samples of fresh mixed sludge, hydrolyzed sludge, and digested sludge, in order to quantify the thermal pretreatment performance (disintegration, solubilisation, and dewaterability) and its impact on the anaerobic digestion performance (biodegradability, volatile solids reduction, and digester rheology) and end product characteristics (dewaterability, sanitation, organic and nitrogen content). The disintegration achieved during the thermal treatment enhances the sludge centrifugation, allowing a 70% higher total solids concentration in the feed to anaerobic digestion. The digestion of this sludge generates 40% more biogas in half the time, due to the higher solids removal compared to a conventional digester. The waste generated can be dewatered by centrifugation to 7% dry solids without polymer addition, and is pathogen free.     

Control of hydrogen sulphide in digestor gas using iron salts

Different dosages of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride were added to digestors separately, and the volumes of methane and hydrogen sulphide contained in the digestor gas (biogas) were monitored. It was noted that the effects of adding of 16, 18 and 32 kg ferrous chloride/ tonne volatile solids, and 16 and 18 kg ferric chloride/tonne volatile solids were similarly effective in controlling the hydrogen sulphide levels.

According to an average amount of undigested sludge (primary sludge mixed with surplus activated sludge) of 41 tonne volatile solids produced each day during the sewage treatment process in Shatin sewage treatment works, and the required dosage of 16 kg ferric chloride/ tonne volatile solids, the amount of iron salts required should be 656 kg/day or 3.3 mg/L for the actual application, based on an average sewage flow of 200,000 m³/day.     

Dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge

A study of dehydrogenases activity of activated sludge, return activated sludge, and waste activated sludge from three sewage treatment plants was made. Dehydrogenases activity and protein content of the mixed liquor varied along the aeration basin. Chromium chloride and zinc sulfate were found to be inhibitory to dehydrogenases activity. Return activated sludge and waste activated sludge, in spite of higher content of volatile suspended solids, contained lower dehydrogenases activity. Return activated sludge when kept without aeration and addition of sewage, showed higher dehydrogenases activity; and on aeration, but without addition of sewage, it showed progressively lower dehydrogenases activity.     

城市垃圾二次性好氧堆肥化工艺的若干设计方程

二次性好氧堆肥化工艺是基于将堆肥化过程中高温微生物和中温微生物在分开的、各自适宜的环境中 进行不同基质降解和稳定化的一种较新工艺．通过实验，由物料平衡式结合微生物反应动力学 建立了 城市垃圾二次性好氧堆肥工艺的若干基本设计方程式：一次发酵阶段的生物降解方程， Ｋ Ａｖ 值高的易降解物具有一级反应的性质，试验求出的比率常数 Ｋｄ 为０１１９ ｄ － １ ；一次 发酵阶段的堆肥减量二元线性方程，减量主要与挥发性固体降解率和水份蒸发量有关；一次 发酵动态反应器容积和二次发酵构筑物有效面积的计算式，计算式主要考虑了减量、容重变化及堆肥返料量的影响；一次发酵阶段所需理论通风量的计算式，通风量主要由微生 物需氧量和水份蒸发量所需的空气量组成，后者需气量往往大于前者，有时高达２ ～６ 倍．     

污泥超声破解效应及厌氧消化性能研究

针对超声破解污泥的可行性进行了实验研究,重点考察了超声频率、比能耗、作用时间等因素对破解效应的影响,探讨了破解污泥的厌氧消化性能。结果表明,超声作用的施加可使污泥固体有效破解,污泥细胞内的活性有机物被释放至水相并形成溶解性有机物,表现为SCODCr的显著增加;采用低频、高比能耗及延长作用时间有利于获取高的SCODCr增加值;污泥在频率25kHz、比能耗2.0W/mL、作用时间30min条件下破解,其厌氧消化累计产气量可从破解前的268mL提高到473mL,相应TCODCr去除率、VS去除率分别从39.1%、33.5%提高至54.3%、61.7%。研究结果表明采用超声破解技术提高污泥的厌氧消化性是可行的。     

不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响

研究不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响.结果表明:堆肥降温期添加蘑菇渣有利于提高有机质的降解率,堆肥末期各处理有机质降解率分别为15.85%,10.17%,12.90%和15.16%;有利于吸收固定堆肥中的氨,减少氨的挥发,降低堆肥的pH值.在堆肥初始一次性添加蘑菇渣,有利于堆肥总氮的积累,提高堆肥产品中胡敏酸和腐殖质含量,降低堆肥总氮损失率.在堆肥初始和降温期分次添加蘑菇渣有利于堆肥硝态氮的合成,富里酸的分解以及HA/FA的增加.在整个堆肥过程中,各处理HA和HA/FA均呈增加趋势,FA呈降低趋势,较好地反映了落叶堆肥的腐熟程度.在堆肥不同阶段添加蘑菇渣各有其优点,综合后认为在堆肥初始添加蘑菇渣的效果最为理想.     

Survival of faecal coliforms and hygiene risks in soils treated with municipal sewage sludges

An incubation experiment was conducted to monitor effect of sewage sludge application on changes in numbers of faecal coliforms in soils over time after sludge application and evaluate the hygiene risks. Soil faecal coliform counts were made after 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84 days of incubation. The faecal coliform counts in the sludge-treated soils decreased substantially with time and were similar to those in the untreated controls after incubation for 56 days. Land application of air-dried sludges increased the hygiene risks due to the re-growth of faecal coliforms, and the counts of faecal coliforms in soil treated with air dried sludge from Suzhou (91% DM) were 50 times higher than in soils with fresh dewatered sludge from Suzhou (15% DM) after 7 days of incubation. The main factors affecting the changes in faecal coliform counts were sludge type and incubation time. Sludge type determined the faecal coliform counts and the ability of the faecal coliforms to re-establish, and indigenous microorganisms competed with the faecal coliforms for nutrients during the incubation process.     

Enhanced dewatering characteristics of waste activated sludge with Fenton pretreatment: effectiveness and statistical optimization

In this work, the enhanced dewaterabing characteristics of waste activated sludge using Fenton pretreatment was investigated in terms of effectiveness and statistical optimization. Response surface method （RSM） and central composite design （CCD） were applied to evaluate and optimize the effectiveness of important operational parameters, i.e., H202 concentrations, Fe2＋ concentrations and initial pH values. A significant quadratic polynomial model was obtained （R2= 0.9189） with capillary suction time （CST） reduction efficiency as the response. Numerical optimization based on desirability function was carried out. The optimum values for H202, Fe2, and initial pH were found to be 178 mg-g-1 VSS （volatile suspended solids）, 211mg.gI VSS and 3.8, respectively, at which CST reduction efficiency of 98.25% could be achieved. This complied well with those predicted by the established polynomial model. The results indicate that Fenton pretreatment is an effective technique for advanced waste activated sludge dewatering. The enhancement of sludge dewaterability by Fenton＇s reagent lies in the migration of sludge bound water due to the disintegration of sludge flocs and microbial cells lysis.     

活性污泥动力学模型的建立及在完全混合式污泥系统中的应用

首先建立了微生物衰减系数和污泥浓度、底物浓度的函数关系式,带入Lawrence-McCarty第一方程式得到了Logistic方程形式的微生物生长方程式.在分析污泥泥龄和污泥停留时间关系基础上,引入Monod方程建立了活性污泥动力学模型,推导证明了Lawrence-McCarty方程式是模型静态条件下的表达形式.用建立的活性污泥动力学模型对完全混合式污泥系统进行了模拟,并分析了水力停留时间Hydraulic retention time(HRT)和污泥停留时间Sludge retention time(SRT)对完全混合式污泥系统的影响,表明模型能很好地对活性污泥系统的动态过程进行模拟.根据模型编程画出了污泥系统相关变量关于HRT和SRT变化的三维曲面图,通过编程将复杂模型看作一定输入输出的函数,使得模型更易于应用和推广.     

Application of ultra-sonication,acid precipitation and membrane filtration for co-recovery of protein and humic acid from sewage sludge

A novel method was applied to co-recover proteins and humic acid from the dewatered sewage sludge for liquid fertilizer and animal feed. The proteins in sewage sludge were first extracted using the processes of ultra-sonication and acid precipitation, and then the humic acid was recovered via membrane filtration. The extraction efficiency was 125.9 mg humic acid?g⁻¹VSS volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 123.9 mg proteins?g⁻¹ VSS at the optimal ultrasonic density of 1.5 W?mL⁻¹. FT-IR spectrum results indicated that the recovered proteins and humic acid showed similar chemical characteristic to the natural proteins and humic acid. The acidic solution (pH 2) could be recycled and used more than 10 times during the co-recovery processes. In addition, the dewatered sludge could be easily biodegraded when the humic acid and proteins are extracted, which was essential for further utilization. These findings are of great significance for recovering valuable nutrient from sewage sludge.