炭化温度对植物基生物质炭与易腐垃圾炭的理化特性影响比较

易腐垃圾具有产量大、有机易腐性高的特点,带来严重的环境压力和资源浪费.炭化农用是其减量化处理和资源化利用的有效途径.本研究以山核桃蒲壳、玉米秸秆和易腐垃圾为原料在350、500、650℃条件下热解炭化制备生物质炭,比较植物基生物质炭与易腐垃圾炭理化特性的差异及其影响因素.结果表明,与山核桃蒲壳炭(WSB)和玉米秸秆炭(MB)相比,易腐垃圾炭(PWB)具有碳(C)含量低,氮(N)和灰分含量高的特点.炭化温度对其元素组成影响较弱.当炭化温度由350℃升到650℃时,WSB和MB的C含量分别提高了24.6%和13.2%,氢碳比值(H/C)分别下降了58.7%和34.7%;而PWB的C含量变化不显著,H/C比值仅下降了18.0%.随着炭化温度升高,生物质炭的pH值、EC、水溶性K⁺和Na⁺含量呈上升趋势.相关性分析结果表明,灰分与C/N、C含量、水溶性K⁺含量呈极显著负相关,与N含量、水溶性Na⁺含量、pH值呈极显著正相关.因此,高灰分含量导致易腐垃圾炭对炭化温度响应弱于植物基生物质炭,同时使易腐垃圾炭能为...     

华南地区11种高等水生维管植物净化城镇污水效益评价

采用定标，单项评分和综合评价的方法，从净化功能力，抗逆性，管理、资源化程度和景观５方面，对华南地区筛选出的１１种高等维管植物净化城镇污水效益进行了评价，结果表明黑藻，假马齿苋和水筛对污水的净化能力与风莲相当，而综合效能优于风眼莲，评价结果为城镇污水的处理提供了新的资料。     

华南地区11种高等水生维管植物净化城镇污水效益评价

采用定标、单项评分和综合评价的方法，从净化能力、抗逆性、管理、资源化程度和景观５方面，对华南地区筛选出的１１种高等维管植物净化城镇污水效益进行了评价。结果表明：黑藻、假马齿苋和水筛对污水的净化能力与风眼莲相当，而综合效能优于风眼莲。评价结果为城镇污水的处理提供了新的资料。     

污泥资源化利用系列泥质标准的编制问题

为解决污泥处置问题,防止二次污染,维护良好生态环境,提高资源化利用水平,促进循环经济的发展和生态型城市的建设,建设部提出完成污泥系列泥质标准的编制工作.文章结合广州市排水监测站的泥质标准研究工作,详细阐述了国内外污泥系列泥质标准的现状以及最新的泥质标准研究工作进展,重点对八个标准--<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:分类>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:混合填埋泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:园林绿化用泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:农用>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:焚烧用泥质>、<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:土地改良用泥质>和<城镇污水处理厂污泥处置:制砖用泥质>中的控制项目、部分限值以及项目特点进行了研究和讨论,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

脱氮-混凝气浮-UASB-接触氧化法处理垃圾填埋渗滤液

设计了一套“脱氮-混凝气浮-UASB-接触氧化”工艺，对南京某垃圾场的垃圾渗滤液进行处理，经过半年的稳定运行实践，使处理后出水的各项指标完全达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-96)二级标准。对废水处理系统的工艺作了简单介绍，并对系统的调试、运行过程进行了技术总结。由于运行稳定、处理成本较低、易于管理，故该工艺是处理高氨氮、高浊度垃圾渗滤液的有效方法。     

《工业和城镇污水土地处理系统手册》简介

美国Sherwood C.Reed和Ronald W.Crites两位学者所著时《工业和城镇污水土地处理系统手册》(Handbookof Land Treatment Systems for Industrial and Muni-cipal Wastes)一书,全面阐明了工业废水和城镇污水土地处理系统的整套设计步骤和标准。自七十年代以来,大量的研究不仅证实了污水土地处理系统的有效性和可靠性,而且还证实这种处理手段所需的建设投资、运转费用和能源需求量都大大低于常规的污水处理手段。但是,直至今日在许多标准的工程设计书中只是将污水土地处理问题一带而过,或者干脆不提。这本书的宗旨正是为了弥补这一不足。     

太湖流域农村分散居民生活垃圾与生活污水共处置强化产沼技术

开发以农村生活易腐垃圾为骨料,利用农村生活污水流动分配养分的厌氧发酵技术,以实现农村废物的共处置目标。试验结果表明,生活污水回灌促进了生活垃圾产CH4量,进水频率5 d.次-1的工况处置CH4累积产量高于进水频率3 d.次-1的工况处置。进水量100 mL、进水频率3 d.次-1条件下,与空白反应器(加入蒸馏水)相比,加入生活污水的反应器所产CH4浓度提高了2.4倍(P0.05),45 d时CH4累积产量提高了4.9倍。反应器内CH4累积量与进水量呈正比例关系,进水量150与50 mL的工况处置相比较而言,CH4累积量可提高2.1~4.5倍。回灌后出水的沼液CODC r高于10 g.L-1,TN约为600 mg.L-1,TP约为100 mg.L-1,具备较高的肥效,可作为液体肥料还田。     

中国快速城镇化的边际环境污染效应变化实证分析

通过建立模型并实际测算城镇化每增长1个百分点引起的污染物产排放变化量,来分析我国城镇化发展的边际环境污染效应。结果显示,我国城镇化发展与环境污染之间的矛盾仍十分突出,1996-2009年期间,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的城镇生活污水排放量、COD产生量、NH3-N产生量、NOx排放量、CO2排放量、城镇生活垃圾产生量仍呈上升趋势。由于近年来城镇污水处理率明显提升,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的COD和NH3-N排放量由＂十五＂的增加逐步转为＂十一五＂的减少;由于城镇生活用煤的减少,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的SO2排放量在＂十五＂＂十一五＂期间都呈减少趋势。为减少环境污染,我国应选择有中国特色的城镇化发展道路,合理把握城镇化发展速度和节奏,促进城镇与环境协调发展。     

我国城市垃圾渗滤液量预测与污染防治对策

本文阐述了垃圾渗滤液对水体的污染，讨论并总结了填埋液特征－污染物浓度极高、持续时间长、流量小且极不均匀、水质变化大。对我国城市垃圾波渗液量的预测说明我国每年产生的垃圾渗滤液污染物的量相当于几座百万人口城市每年排放的生活污水。根据垃圾渗滤液特征以及我国目前情况提出了其污染防治对策。     

畜禽养殖环境中典型病毒的分布、传播与控制

畜禽养殖场作为动物集中的场所,易暴发动物病毒性疾病,一方面严重危害动物健康,给畜牧业造成巨大损失,另一方面一些以养殖动物为源头的人畜共患病毒可能传播至人居环境,以至威胁人类健康。本文对畜禽养殖环境(养殖场及周边环境介质)中典型病毒的分布特征、传播影响因素以及控制措施进行了综述。研究表明,病毒在畜禽养殖场空气、污水及动物粪便中广泛分布,并可通过气溶胶、废水处理排放和粪便堆肥资源化等途径向周边环境介质(空气、地表水和土壤等)中迁移;病毒在不同环境介质中的消亡与传播行为受介质理化性质影响,低温、潮湿以及微碱性pH的环境更有利于病毒的存活;从病毒传播风险控制角度,需从气溶胶传播、污水及粪便处理处置等方面形成多介质多途径协同控制方法,从源头上控制病毒向环境中传播。     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

在分析水循环经济的概念和基本特征、回顾国内外水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用历史演进和研究进程的基础上,陈述了可持续发展理论、物质代谢理论和产业生态学理论是水循环经济研究的三大新理论支柱。从现代水资源合理开发利用研究必须从系统定量的角度研究水资源系统与水社会经济系统的整体行为、演化规律及其相互作用的角度,指出了物质流分析技术(MFA)与投入产出分析技术(I/O)是水循环经济研究的主流方法。分别阐明了水循环经济理论体系构建的研究、水循环经济技术创新问题的研究、水循环经济发展模式选择问题的研究、水循环经济管理体制及经济机制问题的研究是当前水循环经济研究的四项重点内容。     

Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence

Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.