稀土元素对怀槐悬浮培养细胞异黄酮合成及氧化还原态的影响

在培养基中添加不同浓度的硝酸铈和硝酸镧,并检测怀槐细胞悬浮培养过程中异黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)酶活、还原型谷胱甘肽和氧化型谷胱甘肽含量的变化,以探讨稀土元素对怀槐细胞合成异黄酮的影响和机制.结果表明, 20 mmol L-1硝酸铈和10 mmol L-1硝酸镧较适合诱导怀槐悬浮培养细胞合成异黄酮;细胞培养过程中,硝酸铈和硝酸镧诱导异黄酮合成的变化趋势与PAL酶的活性变化一致;氧化还原态变化分析发现,硝酸铈和硝酸镧处理的细胞中GSH/GSSG比例分别在d 3和d 2达到最大值,是同期对照的1.46和1.47倍,而异黄酮含量则在d 4和d 3达到最大值,分别达到了271.42 μg g-1 (DW)和279.32 μg g-1 (DW).研究结果显示,怀槐细胞悬浮培养中添加稀土元素提高次生代谢产物异黄酮的合成可能与稀土元素诱导细胞氧化还原态的改变有关.图3参16     

MeJA对苋菜悬浮细胞类黄酮和类胡萝卜素累积及其代谢相关基因表达的影响

茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对植物生长及次生代谢产物的合成具有重要的调控作用.为了解MeJA对苋菜细胞中类黄酮和类胡萝卜素合成的影响,以苋菜悬浮细胞为材料,检测不同浓度MeJA和添加时间处理对类黄酮和类胡萝卜素累积的影响,结合实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析类黄酮和类胡萝卜素合成相关基因表达与其累积的关系.结果显示,200μmol/L MeJA处理下,苋菜悬浮细胞干重、类黄酮和类胡萝卜素产量均达到最大,在悬浮细胞培养的第4天添加200μmol/L时类黄酮和类胡萝卜素的含量和产量达到最大;与对照(MeJA 0μmol/L)相比,不同浓度MeJA处理下,PAL、F3H、CHI、CHS基因表达量均极显著上调,与类黄酮含量具有正相关性,PDS、PSY和ZDS基因也极显著上调表达,与类胡萝卜素含量具有正相关性;随着MeJA添加时间的延迟,PAL、F3H、CHS和CHI基因的表达模式与类黄酮含量无明显相关性,PDS和PSY表达模式基本一致,且与类胡萝卜素含量的变化趋势保持一致,ZDS基因则出现下调表达.本研究表明MeJA浓度和添加时间对苋菜悬浮细胞中类黄酮和类胡萝卜合成起着重要调控作用,可为进一步探讨MeJA诱导苋菜悬浮细胞类黄酮和类胡萝卜素合成机制奠定基础.(图8表1参28)     

苯丙氨酸和茉莉酸甲酯对龙眼胚性悬浮细胞柯里拉京积累的影响

基于龙眼胚性悬浮细胞体系的建立,研究苯丙氨酸(Phe)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)不同添加浓度处理对龙眼胚性悬浮细胞生长和柯里拉京积累的影响.在龙眼细胞培养第6天添加苯丙氨酸和茉莉酸甲酯不同浓度处理,测定龙眼细胞干重、柯里拉京含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,并利用qPCR技术分析柯里拉京合成相关基因DlDFR、DlLAR和DlANR的表达模式.结果显示,适宜浓度的苯丙氨酸和茉莉酸甲酯能促进龙眼胚性悬浮细胞的生长和柯里拉京的积累,最适添加浓度分别为20 mg/L和50μmol/L,与对照组相比,柯里拉京含量分别提高了1.9倍、2.9倍,产量分别提高了4.9倍、6.8倍;苯丙氨酸和茉莉酸甲酯能诱导PAL和PPO活性提高,并可能通过诱导柯里拉京生物合成途径上DlDFR、DlLAR、DlANR基因表达下调,进而调控龙眼胚性悬浮细胞中柯里拉京的合成与积累.本研究表明适宜浓度的苯丙氨酸和茉莉酸甲酯可诱导PAL和PPO活性提高,有效促进龙眼胚性悬浮细胞中柯里拉京含量的积累,结果可为今后龙眼细胞大规模培养工业化生产柯里拉京提供科学依据和理论指导.(图4表1参46)     

外源钙对两种价态锑胁迫下水稻幼苗吸收积累锑和钙的影响

通过溶液培养试验,研究外源钙对两种价态锑[Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)]胁迫下水稻吸收积累锑和钙的影响。结果表明,这两种价态的Sb对水稻生长均有抑制作用,Sb(III)比Sb(Ⅴ)对水稻毒害更明显,施Ca可缓解Sb对水稻的毒害。Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)的添加对水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累Ca影响不一致。当溶液中的Ca浓度为5.0 mmol·L-1时,添加三价Sb 10和30μmol·L-1均可以显著地降低水稻茎叶中的Ca含量15.7%和49.4%,但是添加Sb(Ⅴ)浓度为30μmol·L-1时,却分别提高水稻茎叶和根系Ca含量26.2%和50.4%。Ca的添加可以显著地降低水稻根系和茎叶对两个价态Sb的吸收积累。在30μmol·L-1Sb(III)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低19.0%-79.4%和42.6%-71.8%;在30μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅴ)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低34.3%-70.6%和74.1%-84.6%。Ca的添加对Sb在水稻根系和茎叶中的富集系数和分配比率也有显著影响。综上所述,可以通过施用Ca肥来防治农田Sb污染,降低Sb对人体健康的危害。     

土荆芥挥发油对豌豆根边缘细胞的诱导和胁迫作用

为探讨化感胁迫对根边缘细胞的诱导效应,实验采用悬空气培养法培养豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)露白种子,在保留根边缘细胞和去除根边缘细胞状态下,选取相对根长、根边缘细胞数量及死亡率、果胶甲基酯酶（PME）等指标研究了豌豆根边缘细胞对不同剂量土荆芥挥发油化感作用的响应。结果表明：1）与对照相比,随着挥发油处理剂量增加,根的伸长被显著抑制（P<0.05）。2）每个处理时间内,随着土荆芥挥发油剂量增加,根边缘细胞数量整体表现出先增加后减少的趋势,在低剂量2μL处理中达极大值。3）土荆芥挥发油诱导豌豆根边缘细胞死亡,随着处理时间的延长和处理剂量的增加,这种毒害效应程度加剧,除去边缘细胞实验组中10μL挥发油处理24 h时,根边缘细胞死亡率达到100%。在较低剂量挥发油作用下,保留根边缘细胞组的根边缘细胞死亡率高于去除根边缘细胞组,而在高剂量挥发油处理情况则相反。4）在同一处理时间,随挥发油剂量增加,各处理组PME活性持续升高,去处边缘细胞组处理24 h后不同剂量处理皆显著高于对照,而根边缘细胞数量总体表现先增加后减少。综合以上结果,保留根边缘细胞的根尖根边缘细胞的数量减少量较少,说明根边缘细胞能缓解土荆芥挥发油的化感胁迫;去除根边缘细胞组的PME活性升高较多,表明土荆芥化感胁迫诱导了根边缘细胞的产生。     

甜菜碱和水杨酸对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期生理特性的影响

以云椒2号为材料,研究外源甜菜碱(glycine betaine,GB,100 mmol/L)和水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA,200 mg/L)对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期生理特性的影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,外源GB,SA处理能有效缓解辣椒叶片相对含水量的下降,抑制丙二醛含量的增加,同时,提高辣椒叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸的含量,提高过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)的活性;外源SA处理使辣椒叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降。利用模糊隶属函数法对渗透调节物质、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性多项指标进行综合评价,GB,SA、干旱处理综合评价值分别为0.521 9,0.495 0,0.475 1。GB,SA处理均能提高辣椒的抗旱性,其中GB处理的辣椒抗旱性更好。     

多壁碳纳米管与镉复合污染对水稻生长的影响

选取水稻(Oryza sativa)为研究对象,采用营养液水培法,以营养液(0 mg·L~(-1) MWCNTs、0 mg·L~(-1) Cd~(2+))为参照,分析不同浓度梯度下多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)单一处理、MWCNTs与Cd~(2+)复合处理对水稻生长的影响.结果表明,MWCNTs单一处理中,水稻幼苗的生长与MWCNTs添加浓度呈明显负相关.低浓度的MWCNTs(1.5 mg·L~(-1))对水稻幼苗的生长产生抑制作用,较高浓度的MWCNTs(≥6.0 mg·L~(-1))会显著(P0.05)抑制水稻幼苗的生长.添加5 mg·L~(-1) Cd~(2+)会增强MWCNTs对水稻幼苗的生长抑制,当MWCNTs浓度从1.5 mg·L~(-1)上升到12 mg·L~(-1),单一处理组与复合处理组相比,水稻幼苗的根系活力分别下降6.4%、10.4%、24.4%和13.9%;水稻幼苗的叶绿素含量显著降低;复合处理组的水稻叶片的POD活性略高于单一处理组,分别高出11.0%、46.1%、5.6%、11.6%;水稻幼苗叶片气孔导度变小、胞间CO_2浓度升高、光合速率减慢.MWCNTs与Cd~(2+)对水稻幼苗的生长具有明显的协同抑制效应.     

多壁碳纳米管对水稻幼苗的生理学效应及对1,2,4-三氯苯毒性的缓解

研究多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs;1 g/L)对水稻幼苗生理学反应的影响是否具粒子尺寸依赖效应,并在受试外径范围内筛选出对水稻幼苗生理学反应无不良影响的MWCNTs,探究其在培养基质中的存在能否有效缓解1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)对水稻幼苗的生理学胁迫作用.结果显示:将水稻幼苗暴露于不同外径MWCNTs(8 nm,20-30 nm, 50 nm)的悬浮液中培养10 d后,与对照相比,8 nm或20-30 nm MWCNTs处理抑制了水稻幼苗的生长,降低了根系可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,以及叶片光系统II(PS II)光化学活性和叶绿素含量;而根系超氧阴离子(O_2~(·-))积累量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则上升.相较8 nm MWCNTs处理,20-30 nm MWCNTs处理对幼苗上述不良影响有所减轻.然而, 50 nm MWCNTs处理则显著优化了幼苗的生长,维持了根系活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)代谢平衡,并且提高了根系可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,以及叶片PS Ⅱ光化学活性和叶绿素含量.非TCB处理条件下,添加外源MWCNTs( 50 nm,1g/L)显著提高了根系可溶性糖含量、叶片PS Ⅱ光化学活性和叶绿素含量;与单独TCB(40 mg/L)处理相比,TCB(40 mg/L)+MWCNTs( 50 nm,1 g/L)复合处理显著缓解了TCB对水稻幼苗的生理学胁迫作用.上述结果表明,MWCNTs对水稻幼苗的生理效应具有粒子尺寸依赖性,且外径 50 nm的MWCNTs在培养基质中的存在能够显著缓解TCB对水稻幼苗的生理学胁迫作用.(图5表4参33)     

藉过硫酸钾—茜素紫催化法测定痕量铅

茜素紫被过硫酸钾氧化褪色的反应能被Pb~(2+)催化,可用于催化光度法测定痕量铅.在pH8.2的硼酸缓冲溶液中,过硫酸钾和茜素紫的浓度分别为|0.03和3.75×10~(-5)mol/L时,用固定时间法测定铅的灵敏度为1.255吸光度值|(μg/mL)~(-1),Bi~(3+)<3.5μg/L时不干扰.Ag~+,Cu~(2+),Cd~(2+),Zn~(2+),Fe~(3+)的干扰可用掩蔽除去,但Ag~+超过|5μg/mL时不能掩蔽.     

微波诱导活性炭氧化降解阳离子红GTL废水的特性

采用微波诱导氧化工艺技术,以活性炭为催化剂,对阳离子红GTL染料废水进行氧化处理,考察了活性炭用量、微波功率、反应时间及染料初始质量浓度对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响,利用SEM/EDS、BET表征了反应前后活性炭的结构及组分变化.结果表明:微波和活性炭具有协同效应;在pH=7.0,活性炭用量4 g,阳离子红质量浓度为50 mg·L-1,微波功率300 W,反应时间4 min的条件下,阳离子红GTL去除率达到99.4%;活性炭的结构与组分影响阳离子红GTL的微波处理效果.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).