厌氧膜生物反应器对乳品废水处理效果的研究

采用厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)对乳品废水进行处理,装置连续运行100d,研究了不同进水COD_(Cr)浓度(3 000、5 000、7 000、9 000 mg/L)对出水水质及反应器内污泥特性的影响,并与常规厌氧生物反应器的处理效果进行对比。结果表明,温度为35℃,HRT为48h时,COD_(Cr)去除率和氨化率随着进水COD_(Cr)浓度的降低而升高,最高可达89%和38%以上。TN去除率随着进水COD_(Cr)浓度的增加先增高后降低,在7 000 mg/L条件下,去除率为55%。装置在运行过程中,MLVSS/MLSS平均值约为0. 7,SVI值在60～80 m L/g的范围内,污泥具有良好的活性与沉降性。AnMBR与常规厌氧生物反应器相比,在处理高浓度乳品废水时运行更加稳定,耐冲击负荷能力更强,出水水质更好。     

高含盐废水生物处理技术研究进展与展望

煤化工、油气田和石化行业均会产生大量高含盐废水。文章介绍了高含盐废水的生物法深度处 理工艺及方法,包括曝气生物滤池（BAF）、序批式活性污泥法（SBR）、生物接触氧化（BCO）、膜生物反应器（MBR）、流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）、厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）、厌氧好氧工艺（An/O）及其变型工艺 等,阐述了驯化后的嗜盐菌和耐盐菌的使用效果,并对高含盐废水生物处理研究的前景进行展望,提出：微生物 处理高含盐废水具有成本低、几乎无二次污染的优点,能实现高含盐废水有机物组分的有效降解,提高“近零排 放”产品盐纯度,但还需在耐盐、嗜盐微生物的筛选和挖掘方面进行技术攻关,这将是生物法处理高含盐废水的 重要研究方向。     

"厌氧生物处理工艺"——有机污水处理的重要工艺之一

本文对厌氧生物处理技术的新发展、新方向作了系统分析后认为，厌氧生物处理工艺是一种发展前景乐观的“绿色”－－可持续发展技术，会成为有机废水处理和废物资源化的主力工艺，必将会得到更广泛的应用。     

生物流化床处理废水的研究进展与展望

介绍了好氧生物流化床与厌氧生物流化床的研究和应用进展，对近年来出现的几种新型生物流化床的研究进展作了介绍，并展望了生物流化床技术发展方向和应用前景。同时提出了生物流化床在试验研究与应用中尚须解决的问题。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统酸化调控研究进展

介绍了餐厨垃圾的特点，针对餐厨垃圾在厌氧消化过程中容易出现的酸化抑制，梳理了目前常用的缓冲溶液添加、多元物料混合厌氧消化和两相厌氧消化等酸化调控技术，以及处于研发阶段的生物预处理、添加生物炭、驯化培养耐酸型产甲烷菌等酸化调控技术。比较了各种技术的优势与不足，提出未来的技术路径和研究方向，以期为餐厨垃圾厌氧消化工程的稳定运行提供技术支撑。     

新型厌氧处理反应器的发展及应用

厌氧反应器是应用于污水处理的一种生物处理系统。因其运行费用低，能耗少且可产生有用副产物等优点在世界范围内得到了广泛的研究与应用。本文对厌氧反应器的由来，发展与应用进行了较系统的论述，重点介绍了新型厌氧反应器的研究与应用前景；认为目前应用的是以高速厌氧反应器为代表的工艺，但必须提高系统的稳定性，缩短系统的启动周期；同时应完善适宜于处理需高温厌氧处理的废水，低浓度有机废水以及高浓度有毒物质废水的反应器。新方法或新材料如膜技术的应用以及分级“多相”厌氧反应器可能在将来的废水处理中发挥作用。此外厌氧反应器与其他废水处理系统组成的厌氧－好氧系统，厌氧－湿地系统等综合处理系统更拓展了其应用范围。在我国这样能源短缺，资金不足的发展中, 有效又价廉的厌氧处理反应器特别适合我国国情。     

“厌氧生物处理工艺”——有机污水处理的重要工艺之一

本文对厌氧生物处理技术的新发展、新方向作了系统分析后认为,厌氧生物处理工艺是一种发展前景乐观的“绿色”———可持续发展技术,会成为有机废水处理和废物资源化的主力工艺,必将会得到更广泛的应用。     

“厌氧生物处理工艺“——有机污水处理的重要工艺之一

本文对厌氧生物处理技术的新发展、新方向作了系统分析后认为,厌氧生物处理工艺是一种发展前景乐观的“绿色“--可持续发展技术,会成为有机废水处理和废物资源化的主力工艺,必将会得到更广泛的应用.     

生物流化床法处理废水的研究与应用进展

介绍了国内外应用生物流化床法处理废水的研究及技术进展，着重阐述了好氧流化床与厌氧流化床的发展,概况，并介绍了几种新型生物流化反应器，指出了今后进一步研究与应用生物流化床的前景与努力方向。     

厌氧生物处理技术在抗生素废水处理中的应用

抗生素废水是一类成分复杂、硫酸盐浓度高、含有多种抑制性物质的高浓度难降解有机废水，主要来源于抗生素生产废水、洗涤废水和冷却水等。分析了抗生素废水的来源和水质特征，介绍了国内外抗生素废水治理的各种厌氧生物处理技术方法及其应用，最后对厌氧生物法应用于抗生素废水处理的前景进行了展望。     

POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH SAND AND SALT APPLIED TO ROADS IN MINNESOTA1

ABSTRACT: The component of snowmelt pollutant washoff due to sand and salt application to roadways in Minnesota is simulated. Laboratory methods are used to extract various pollutants from sand-salt mixtures commonly used in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area of Minnesota for keeping winter road conditions safe. Values derived in the laboratory are compared with actual snowmelt runoff values to estimate the contribution of materials application. High concentrations of solids, phosphorus, lead and zinc in snowmelt from road surfaces axe due in part to sand and salt spread to improve winter driving conditions. The source of the sand and salt appears to be influential in determining the pollutant levels. Judicious use and careful application of materials can reduce the increment of pollution due to anti-skid sand and salt applied to road surfaces.     

A DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR DISCRETE STAGE ACTIVATION OF AUTOMATIC PUMPING SAMPLERS1

ABSTRACT: An electronic controller was developed to facilitate water sampling at discrete stage heights in perennial mountain streams of southeast Oklahoma. The controller operates in conjunction with an automatic pumping sampler and a magnetic, relay transducer. In response to changes in stage, the transducer generates an electrical pulse when relays are closed by a magnetic float. The controller monitors these relay closures and signals the sampler to pump a single sample at each desired water level during both rising and falling stages. After a sample is taken, additional switch closures at that stage axe ignored until the relay immediately above or below is closed. Inadvertent switch closures caused by turbulent stage fluctuations are not translated to the sampler thus eliminating duplicate or multiple samples at a given stage. Field testing has proven this device to be a reliable component with a range of applications for improving water quality sampling systems. The controller features battery operation, low power consumption, circuit simplicity and can be easily constructed for less than $100, including parts and labor.     

A NONTRADITIONAL METHODOLOGY FOR FLOOD STAGE-DAMAGE CALCULATIONS1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a new methodology to calculate economic losses from hypothetical, extreme flood events, such as the Probable Maximum Flood. The methodology uses economic data compiled from already-available secondary sources, such as U.S. Census data on magnetic tapes, utilizing microcomputer and other electronic media. Estimates of land elevations are obtained from topographic maps, and flood elevations axe estimated using, for example, a dam breach and flood routing (DAMBRK) model (Fread, 1984). The calculations are performed at a disaggregate spatial scale, by various land use and industrial classification categories. The basic areal units are city blocks (for urbanized areas), enumeration districts, and Census tracts. Depth-damage functions, which provide an estimate of damages as a proportion of the existing value of the structure, are estimated statistically. Computer software (called DAMAGE) is used to combine the economic, flood elevation, and depth-damage information to compute economic losses for different possible flood stages and for different inflow events. Two case studies are presented as illustrations of the method.     

WATER QUALITY IN THE PAWTUXET RIVER: METAL MONITORING AND GEOCHEMISTRY1

ABSTRACT: The Pawtuxet River flows from a relatively rural area through some of the more highly industrialized sections of Rhode Island. During its journey, the river receives many municipal, industrial, and ground water sources of metal constituents. The present report is the first in a two part series in which the water quality of this urban river was evaluated by a chemical monitoring study of the sources, transport mechanisms, and fate of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and nickel in the river. The second paper will use the chemical data to derive and calibrate a steady-state water quality model for this river. The metal concentrations In the river tended to increase from the headwaters to the mouth with river stations nearest to point source outfalls showing elevated values. In some sections of the river, levels of a few of the metals could not be explained by the point sources; and other inputs, including sediment resuspension, axe proposed to make up this apparent unbalance. The ability of a municipal secondary treatment plant to remove metals was demonstrated, and the tie-in of the effluent from a major chemical company to the plant did not cause any observable deterioration in treatment efficiency.     

THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON MONITORING STRATEGIES: METALLOTHIONEINS AS AN EXAMPLE1

ABSTRACT: An increasing need exists to determine the relative health of estuarine and coastal systems with respect to their ability to support populations of fishery organisms. Many monitoring programs developed for this purpose utilize physiological and biochemical techniques to determine if marine organisms axe stressed by contaminant exposure. The use of the low molecular weight, metal-binding protein, metailothionein, is used as a model technique to detect non-lethal stress in aquatic organisms. Test organisms were the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus. The data presented illustrates how natural environmental and physiological factors can affect the mobilization and partitioning of metals by organisms and contribute to observed variability in data sets. The processes that affected trace metal partitioning and accumulation were: in oysters, the reproductive cycle/season of the year; in blue arabs, growth and the molt cycle; and in the whale, the type of food and habitat. To effectively monitor populations of fishery organisms, therefore, it is necessary to identify those factors that control survival, growth, and reproduction so that better predictive models can be formulated that will not be confounded by uncontrolled variables.     

宁夏近51年气候变化特征分析

利用宁夏10个气象站1960-2010年日气温和降水资料,对宁夏气温和降水的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果显示:①宁夏整体呈现暖干化趋势,但存在区域间差异.②近51年来宁夏年平均气温呈上升趋势,冬季升温幅度大,秋季升温幅度最小.③年平均降水量总体呈现减小趋势,春季微弱增加,冬季降水量显著增加,夏季降水微弱减少,秋季降水减少明显.④通过Kriging空间差值法分析表明,年平均气温总体呈现由西南向西北递增的趋势,中、北部增温较明显;平均年总降水量总体呈现由西南向西北递减的规律,中、北部降水量减小最为明显.     

Identification of hot spot and safe zones of ambient air quality in North Maharashtra region,India

The continuous infrastructural and economic development exerted pressure on the environmental conditions of the North Maharashtra region. The air quality of North Maharashtra region was analysed for the identification of hot spots and safe zones of ambient air quality. The result shows air pollution at some part of North Maharashtra region. The levels of particulate matter were above the prescribed limits especially at Bhusawal, Dhule and Jalgaon Urban centres. The traces of polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also observed in the urban centres of study area. The binary ratios of the persistent prevailing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)'s show great correlation with the vehicular exhaust in the study region. The higher levels of pollutants in the study region were recorded in the post-monsoon season. The present study is first of its kind in the North Maharashtra region and an attempt has been made to analyse the anthropogenic sources and concentration of air pollutants in the area. The air pollutants reduce the defence system of human body and lead into severe health consequences like damage of lung tissues with escalation in the existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.     

Some observations on the terminology in co-operative environmental management

The notion of managing resources in partnership flourishes in natural resources literature. The terms partnership, collaboration, and co-management are associated with co-operative environmental management. Examining issues of definition reveals similarities, differences and, at times, imprecise use of the three terms. The potential for clarity prompts the proposal of a multi-dimensional model of co-operative environmental management. The model consists of three key dimensions. The first dimension reflects the extent power is shared among the actors and agencies involved in the agreement. The second dimension delineates who is involved in the management regime. Process, the final dimension, reflects the variety of ways in which co-management may function or proceed. The presented model highlights dimensions requiring attention by those working within co-operative environmental management. The model is valuable as it reflects the complexity and range of such arrangements in practice.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of the Moscow Region--concentrations, temporal trends, and small-scale distribution

The knowledge of the environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is restricted to few climatic regions of the world almost excluding the Taiga. Our objectives were to (i) separate anthropogenic from background contributions to PAH concentrations and (ii) determine temporal trends in PAH concentrations during the last century including the change in distribution of PAHs in interior and exterior portions of aggregates in soils of the Moscow region. Along a southeast-bound transect from Moscow (windward in winter) and at a background location northeast of Moscow (leeward in winter), seven topsoil samples were collected in 1910-1954 and 35 in 1998-2003. We fractionated the soils in interior and exterior portions of aggregates > 10 mm and remaining soil without aggregates. The sum of 21 PAHs (sigma21PAHs) concentrations in recent bulk soil ranged from 59 to 1350 ng g(-1). The concentrations of all PAHs were lower outside than in Moscow. The range of the concentrations of the sigma21PAHs in archived soil samples (159-1280 ng g(-1)) was similar as in recent soils. In most recent and archived samples, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were most abundant. The concentrations of low-molecular-weight PAHs decreased during the last century at most sites; those of high-molecular-weight compounds increased. The sigma21PAHs concentrations were accumulated in the exterior of aggregates (109%) and depleted in the interior (95%) relative to the concentration in bulk soil (defined as 100%), which was similar to that in the soil without aggregates (99%). The differences between aggregate interior and exterior did not change during the last century. The dominance of naphthalene and phenanthrene is typical of remote regions. The urban influence on PAH concentrations in the last century was small.     

浅谈区域性非甲烷烃的环境影响

针对炼油区域可能产生非甲烷烃排放的问题,大庆炼化公司在新项目建设初期采用先进的工艺和设备,降低了非甲烷烃的损失。对非甲烷烃排放进行的环境影响分析表明,在非甲烷烃排放的损失中,汽油装车损失占42%,设备散发损失占23%,原油储罐小呼吸损失21%,原油储罐大呼吸损失10%,汽油储罐小呼吸损失4%。该公司使用内浮顶汽油储罐及对汽油装车采取密闭回收油气的办法,有效地降低了非甲烷烃的散失,对区域环境质量的改善起到了重要作用,同时减少了炼油企业油气的损失。