饮食业油烟治理技术探讨

饮食业油烟污染一直是严重困扰城市居民生活的问题。近年来 ,随着城市第三产业的快速发展 ,饮食业油烟、废气对城市环境质量的影响已呈明显的上升趋势。许多城市居民对饮食业油烟污染的投诉已占环保投诉的 30 %～ 4 0 % ,因此加强饮食业厨房油烟的治理力度 ,选择合理有效的治理技术对饮食业油烟进行治理 ,以消除对周围居民的影响 ,已成为当前环保工作的一项重点任务。1　饮食业油烟治理技术1.1　治理技术分类目前对油烟治理技术大致可分为四类 :机械方法 ,采用过滤、旋风离心、活性炭吸附等收集油烟 ;静电方法 ,采用高压电场将通过的油烟离…     

饮食业油烟的处理现状

随着我国经济的发展,饮食业油烟污染日益成为严重困扰城市居民生活的问题。饮食业油烟处理已成为环保治理工程中一个紧迫的重要内容。饮食业油烟污染及其危害饮食业油烟是指烹饪过程中加热挥发的食用油和食用油受热反应产生的挥发性有机物以及冷凝水气、室内含尘气体等的混合物,含有多种有害过氧化物和有刺激性味道的裂解后产物。油烟的危害是显而易见的。油烟的组成物大部分为“致癌、致畸、致突变”的三致物质,严重危害人体健康。长期处于油烟环境,易诱发呼吸道、肺部疾病,甚至诱发鼻咽癌、肺癌等。油烟污染不仅对视觉和景观上造成影响,伴…     

饮食业油烟污染的状况分析及对策

饮食业油烟污染扰民问题 ,已经成为城市居民环保投诉热点之一。为贯彻执行新修订的《大气污染防治法》,进一步加强对饮食业油烟污染防治的监督管理 ,国家环境保护总局于 2 0 0 0年 10月发布了《关于加强饮食业油烟污染防治监管理的通知》(环发 [2 0 0 0 ] 191号 ) ,要求所有新建或改建、扩建的饮食业单位 ,必须按照于 2 0 0 0年 7月 1日起实施的《饮食业油烟排放标准 (试行 )》( GWPB5 -2 0 0 0 )的要求 ,安装符合要求的油烟净化设备 ,严格执行环境保护“三同时”制度 ,对逾期不能达标的单位 ,依据《大气污染防治法》的规定实施处罚。一、…     

饮食业油烟处理工艺现状及技术探讨

在我国饮食业油烟污染日益严重的情况下，油烟污染的治理提到议事日程。本文论述了饮食业油烟污染的现状及其危害，并对国内外饮食业油烟处理的工艺技术及净化设备的现状、特点、使用情况及其局限性进行了综述和比较。并结合油烟处理工程的设计和运行的体会，对饮食业油烟处理工艺技术进行了探讨。     

饮食业油烟净化

叙述了饮食业油烟的危害，对各类油烟净化器的原理和方法进行了分析和比较，提出解决饮食业油烟污染的方法。     

关于饮食业油烟监测中若干问题的思考

饮食业是人们生活中不可缺少的部分,但饮食业中油烟问题也成为当前人们关注的问题。油烟检测是饮食业合理排放油烟的重要参考依据。但当前饮食业中油烟检测还存在较多问题,需不断改进,提高检测效果。     

饮食业单位如何选购油烟净化设备

随着我国《饮食业油烟排放标准(试行)》的颁布,全国各地逐渐加大了油烟污染治理力度。要求现有、新建饮食业单位必须安装油烟净化设备等环保设施。这些措施极大地推动了油烟净化设备市场的发展,一时呈现出购销两旺的局面。目前,我国油烟净化设备市场货源充足,已基本能满足油烟治理工作的需要。但同时需要看到,油烟净化设备质量良莠不齐。加之,油烟净化设备是专用装置,专业性较强,所以饮食业单位决策人员在选购油烟净化设备时,显得有些无所适从,在与设备供应商谈判过程中也处于信息劣势。那么,如何才能选择到本单位适用的油烟净化设备?用户选…     

饮食行业油烟雾治理技术

近年来，饮食业油烟雾污染一直困扰着城市居民。随着国家关于《 饮食业油烟排放标准－GWPB5－2000》的出台，油烟治理势在必行。对油烟雾的危害、目前出现的几种油烟治理技术进行了分析比较并列举了应用实例，指出了油烟治理技术的发展趋势，提出了一种新型可靠的油烟净化设备。     

深圳市饮食业油烟污染问题及其控制对策探讨

深圳特区建立二十多年来,随着经济的飞速发展,市民生活水平的日益提高,饮食业蓬勃兴起,餐厅、酒楼等饮食企业不断增多。据初步统计,全市有可容纳100人就餐的餐厅、酒楼、宾馆等饮食娱乐业单位就达5000余家。这些单位大多分布在闹市区、人群集中区和居民住宅区,大大方便了市民的生活和消费。但随之而来,饮食业污染扰民问题,其中包括油烟污染的问题也日益突出,成为市民环保投诉的热点和难点之     

防治油烟污染保护居民生活环境

本文论述了在防治油烟污染等方面的体会和做法,从而进一步阐述了防治饮食业油烟污染的重要性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.