煤炭资源开发生态保护补偿政策回顾与评析研究

围绕煤炭资源开发中的生态环境问题,中国相继出台了一些资源生态环境补偿政策,建立起包括资源税费制度、环境影响评价制度、环境恢复治理保证金制度、三同时制度、排污收费制度在内的一些生态环境补偿法律制度,但现有的煤炭资源开发生态补偿制度存在法律体系和政策设计不完备,缺乏利益相关者的充分参与,部门化利益倾向,政策手段较为单一,生态补偿资金没有来源保障,缺乏统一的补偿标准等问题。为此,要不断健全生态补偿法律法规体系,将矿区开发的生态环境补偿纳入到法制化和市场化轨道,完善煤炭资源税费制度,建立健全公众参与机制,实现矿区的可持续发展。     

石嘴山市煤炭型工业城市发展中的环境问题及对策

石嘴山市是我国重要的煤炭城市,40多年来,因煤炭资源开采、利用和外输,形成了该市畸重的工业结构,在煤炭资源日趋枯竭的同时,生态环境也遭到严重的污染和破坏.本文概述了石嘴山市煤炭资源储量及开发利用状况,分析了生态环境存在的主要问题及原因,提出了优化产业结构, 减少污染企业比例,实施煤炭开采沉陷区生态修复工程,推进工业废弃物的综合利用,限制高耗水、高污染项目的发展和建立补偿机制等对策及建议.     

煤炭资源开采外部成本与应交税费比较分析——以新疆为例

煤炭资源开采外部成本包括使用者成本和生态环境成本。论文运用使用者成本法测算2003—2012年新疆煤炭资源开采的使用者成本,并与应交资源税费比较分析;运用市场价值法和恢复费用法估算2012年新疆煤炭资源开采的生态环境成本,并与应交生态环境费用比较分析。结果表明:煤炭资源税从量计征方式不能补偿新疆煤炭资源耗减价值,产生明显代际外部性,而采用从价计征方式则能有效补偿;煤炭开采应交生态环境费用对其生态环境成本的补偿率仅为29.6%,不能有效补偿煤炭开采的生态环境价值损失。研究发现,新疆现行煤炭资源税费标准,不能彻底解决煤炭开采的外部性问题,在"清费立税"情形下,煤炭资源税率定为6%略显偏低。最后建议:地方政府应研究煤炭资源税费改革不同阶段的合理税率;我国应尽快建立生态补偿机制,适时进行环境税改革;完善我国煤炭资源价格核算体系。     

山东省煤炭开采引起的生态环境问题及其保护对策

由于煤炭资源大量开采以及环境保护工作滞后于经济发展等诸因素,山东省在煤炭资源开发利用过程中,带来了一些比较严重的生态环境问题。社会经济的发展既需要开发利用资源,也需要良好的自然生态环境。应采取相应的生态保护对策。协调好煤炭开发与保护的关系,同时依靠科技进步最大限度地减少煤炭开发带来的不利影响,并加强法制建设和科学管理,实现矿区的可持续发展。     

试论煤炭资源开发与环境保护的思考

煤炭资源的开发对生态环境有着严重的负面影响.本文通过对煤炭资源开发现状的分析,对煤炭资源开发存在的问题进行分析,如煤炭资源利用率较低、资源严重浪费、超强度开采、无序开发现象等等.重点论述煤炭资源开发所引起的土地资源、水资源以及大气污染,地质灾害等生态破坏和环境污染问题,最后提出关于煤炭资源合理开发和生态环境保护的对策,从而实现煤矿区的可持续发展,保护好生态环境.     

煤矿区开发生态约束力评价指标体系研究

根据煤炭开发对生态环境的影响特点及资源环境特点,将煤炭开采的生态环境约束界定在土地、水资源、煤矸石、人口搬迁、生态现状、煤炭资源6个主因素上,并从可持续发展的角度提出了煤炭资源开发生态约束力的指标体系.     

煤炭资源开采外部成本与应交税费比较分析——以新疆为例

煤炭资源开采外部成本包括使用者成本和生态环境成本。论文运用使用者成本法测算2003—2012年新疆煤炭资源开采的使用者成本,并与应交资源税费比较分析;运用市场价值法和恢复费用法估算2012年新疆煤炭资源开采的生态环境成本,并与应交生态环境费用比较分析。结果表明：煤炭资源税从量计征方式不能补偿新疆煤炭资源耗减价值,产生明显代际外部性,而采用从价计征方式则能有效补偿;煤炭开采应交生态环境费用对其生态环境成本的补偿率仅为29.6%,不能有效补偿煤炭开采的生态环境价值损失。研究发现,新疆现行煤炭资源税费标准,不能彻底解决煤炭开采的外部性问题,在“清费立税”情形下,煤炭资源税率定为6%略显偏低。最后建议：地方政府应研究煤炭资源税费改革不同阶段的合理税率;我国应尽快建立生态补偿机制,适时进行环境税改革;完善我国煤炭资源价格核算体系。     

煤企资源与环境保护管理探讨

煤炭资源开发利用过程中引发的岩、水、土、气等地质和生态环境问题会产生地质和生态环境负效应,严重影响经济社会可持续发展。科学的环境保护管理要有健全的环境保护法律法规作支撑,有法可依,同时发挥煤企资源与环境保护管理的能动性．力求最大程度降低煤炭开采给地区生态环境造成的污染和破坏影响．合理开发利用煤炭资源,促进社会经济与环境协调可持续发展。重点结合我国环境保护方面的法律法规和煤企如何科学强化资源与环境保护管理工作展开探讨。     

煤矿矿区生态环境恢复方案

煤炭开采导致矿区植被覆盖度减少,土地利用类型改变,区域水循环等发生一系列变化,文章依据矿山开采过程中,对生态环境产生的环境问题,提出矿区大气、水、土壤等单因素恢复技术,根据生态恢复技术,确定生态恢复的任务与方案,总结以上技术和方案,提出今后矿区生态恢复建议.     

煤矿矿区生态环境恢复方案

煤炭开采导致矿区植被覆盖度减少,土地利用类型改变,区域水循环等发生一系列变化,文章依据矿山开采过程中,对生态环境产生的环境问题．提出矿区大气、水、土壤等单因素恢复技术,根据生态恢复技术,确定生态恢复的任务与方案,总结以上技术和方案．提出今后矿区生态恢复建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.