区域限批是环境保护法运行机制软化的突破

我国环境管理在建立正式约束（法规、政策）方面已经取得较大的进展，环境保护政策实施机制“软化”是我国制度创新中一个突出的问题。我国建立的环境法规不少，但是形同虚设的现象比较严重。说明环境保护法实施机制的“软化”是环境保护法治建设中的一个不可回避的问题。     

我国环境保护的形势刍议

我国的环境保护工作虽然取得积极进展,但环境形势依然十分严峻,环境管理严重滞后,与环境保护任务要求不相适应,为全面落实科学发展观,必须把环境保护摆在更加重要的战略位置。当前环境保护要切实解决好大气污染、防治水污染、土壤污染,以及促进人与自然和谐等突出问题。加强环境保护必须采取有力的对策措施：健全环境保护法规,加强执法力度;完善环境监管制度;增加环保资金投入;实行有利于环保经济的政策,加快污染治理市场化进程;推动环境科学进步,加强环保队伍建设;落实环境保护责任制,强化环境保护成果效应。     

乡村振兴战略下的农村生态环境管理对策研究

中国共产党十九大提出实施乡村振兴战略。农村环境保护是乡村振兴的重要工作内容之一。系统总结了近年来我国农村生态环境保护工作现状、问题及面临的挑战,提出乡村振兴战略下的我国农村生态环境管理对策:在战略定位上,要明确农村生态环境管理是乡村振兴战略的重要组成和抓手,是生态环境保护新的关键领域,是生态文明建设的显著标志;在工作原则上,要坚持环境管理与乡村振兴同步谋划、同步实施、同步推进,坚持山水林田湖系统治理、统筹规划,坚持预防为主、综合利用,坚持因地制宜、循序渐进、协同发力;构建农村生态环境管理工作的对策体系,夯实各级政府和部门的农村环保责任,建立全面协调的农村生态环境管理政策体系,构建适应农村特点的环境监管体系,探索便捷有效的农村环境治理模式,完善农村环境教育和帮扶体系。     

建设项目环境管理和环境监察中的不足及对策

建设项目环境管理和环境监察是防治环境污染、保护生态的源头,在环境保护工作中占有重要地位。本文结合工作实践,从主观角度出发,分析了当前建设项目环境管理和环境监察工作中存在的问题和不足,提出完善工作机制,加强管理,对建设项目实行系统、全过程、全方位环境监察的政策建议与技术措施,呼吁重视建设项目环境管理和环境监察工作。     

我国环境政策制定机制的变革与展望

环境政策作为解决环境问题、落实环境保护战略、实现环境目标的行动准则和措施,是促进生态文明建设的重要手段.现阶段,我国环境政策的制定主要依靠的是命令、控制等直接管制手段.随着人们生活水平的提高,公众对环境质量的需求水平也在相应提高,其参与环保的自觉性也在相应提升.重视并加快环境政策新格局的形成是我国现阶段环境保护工作的首要任务,也是我国生态文明建设的重要内容. 我国环境政策制定现状 1972年的联合国人类环境会议推动了我国当代环境保护的起步.     

中国的环境保护体系

依据国家宪法和总体发展战略,经过近二十年的实践,中国已基本形成符合国情,切实有效的环境政策体系,环境法规体系和环境管理体系,初步开拓出具有中国特色的环境保护道路。 1.环境政策体系我国已形成以“强化环境管理”“预防为主、防治结合”、“谁污染谁治理”为主体的环境政策体系。“强化环境管理”政策是我国环境政策的中心环节。我国人口多,经济还比较薄弱,环境问题复杂,而且有相当一部分环境问题是由于管理不善造成的。从现实情况出发,解决中国的环境问题,目前还不能完全依赖高投入、     

中国环境战略与政策发展进程、特点及展望

本文系统回顾了中国环境战略与政策的发展进程,总结了中国环境战略与政策的特点及变化特征,并进一步提出新时期中国环境保护战略与政策的推进方向。中国环境战略与政策与经济社会发展同步,主要分为探索起步阶段(1972—1983年)、初创建立阶段(1984—1991年)、框架完善阶段(1992—2002年)、提升发展阶段(2003—2012年)、改革突破阶段(2013年至今)五个阶段,而随着中国环境战略与政策的发展,环境战略理念与环境政策导向都发生了转变。文章指出,未来中国环境保护战略与政策要应对新情况、解决新问题,需着眼于满足人民群众美好生活的需求,重视推动制度重构和绿色转型,推动走上生态优先、绿色发展的新路,强化制度政策的内生动力,加强政策统筹协同。     

全球环境保护战略转移若干新趋

全球环境问题的现状及未来趋仍令人不安，环境保护一些战略性问题进行着新的转移。传统的末端治理策略正面临严峻挑战，有人提出已“不再适用”。为此，不少国家环境政策的重点转向以源消减为主的污染预防，并积极推行清洁生产，强化工业生产全过程的环境管理，与此同时，在环境与发展问题上开始把可持续发展战略纳入了决策进程，意味着经济发展和环境保护都必须摆脱原有的传统模式。随着全球环境保护战略的转移，我国也在积极采取相     

要重视技术进步在环境保护中的作用——曲格平局长在中国-北欧四国研讨会上的讲话

从1973年第一次全国环境保护会议算起,中国的环境保护事业已经走过了15年的历程。15年来,我们不断探索、不断进取,努力寻求适合中国国情的环境保护战略。中国政府把环境保护作为一项基本国策,作为现代化建设中的一项战略任务,提出了经济建设、城乡建设、环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展,实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益统一的指导方针。中国的环境政策可以归结为三大政策,即预防为主的政策、谁污染谁治理的政策和强化环境管理的政策。实践证明,这些政策是积极的。中国是发展中国家,经济建设任务很重,百业待兴,国家财力有限。因此,在相当一段时间内国家不可能拿出很多     

广州迈向二十一世纪的环境保护战略选择

本分析了迈向2l世纪的广州环境保护工作所面临的机遇与挑战，提出了建立环境管理新体制，实施“绿色战略”，推行能源资源节约，调整城市布局和工业布局。加大环保宣传的力度等战略措施。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.