矿山废弃地生态环境恢复治理进展

矿产资源是我国经济社会发展的重要物质基础,但其开发带来了侵占耕地、破坏生态、污染环境、地质灾害等严重问题,矿山废弃地生态环境恢复越来越受到专家学者和政府部门的重视。对我国矿山资源开发现状及问题、相关政策及修复现状进行了概述,分析了矿山废弃地的特点及生态环境恢复目标。着重介绍了现阶段矿山生态修复涉及的基质改良、生态系统修复手段,并指出各类技术在矿山废弃地生态修复实践中的适用性和优缺点。最后,针对矿山废弃地生态修复存在的投入资金不足、不到位、技术缺乏等问题提出可行性方法,以期为矿山废弃地生态环境修复提供参考。     

贵州中部煤矸石堆场废弃地自然植被的群落组成及物种多样性

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡关闭煤矿区矸石堆场及周边自然土壤上的植被进行调查与分析,研究矸石废弃地自然恢复植被的群落组成、演替过程和物种多样性的变化。结果表明：随着堆放年限增加,煤矸石废弃地植物群落组成趋于复杂,植物群落演替等级增高。另确定6种植物为煤矸石废弃地优势物种,可为煤矸石堆场人工植被修复提供选材依据。     

废弃矿山的生态环境设计研究

<正>废弃矿山属于工业废弃地的一种，弃之不管容易对包括地下水在内的多个环境主体造成重金属污染，环境危害较大。与此同时，相较其他类型的工业废弃土地而言，其对地表环境破坏严重，复耕、复垦或者生态修复的难度较大。为此，废弃矿山的修复与再利用已经成为困扰各方的环境难题之一。     

采矿废弃场地土壤修复新技术研究

本文利用城市污泥、秸秆及菌种对采矿废弃场地土壤进行修复研究,该方法不仅能够解决城市污泥处理率低等城市污水处理厂较为头疼的二次污染问题,同时利用城市污泥的高有机质、微生物含量对采矿导致的较为贫瘠的污染场地进行修复,恢复其植被功能。并进一步提出,以城市污泥、秸秆、BYM菌的混合发酵方式对采矿废弃场地土壤进行修复,为城市污泥的处理处置提供了新的出路,实现了污泥的资源化利用,实现了以废治废、变废为宝的目的。该修复方式绿色、安全、环保,修复后的土壤结构性能得到明显改善,保水保肥效果较好,大大降低了水土流失量。该技术投入成本低,修复过程简便易行,是非常有市场潜力的矿山废弃场地土壤修复技术。     

福建省南安市废弃矿山修复时序安排

通过对南安市废弃矿山的遥感影像资料解译和实地调查,发现南安市废弃矿山损毁的土地多达945处,多数具有破坏强度大、面积广的特点,给当地生态环境造成了极大的负面影响。为了合理安排地方资源在矿山生态修复工作中的配置,根据南安市废弃矿山的特点及其造成的主要危害,遵循“生态优先、安全优先、自然恢复优先”原则,从自然恢复能力、地质安全、对流域的环境影响、视觉污染多个维度对废弃矿山进行了修复时序评价,为南安市的废弃矿山生态修复工作提供参考。     

金属矿山废弃地生态修复技术研究

总结了金属矿山废弃地的类型、特征,简述了其对环境的影响和后果。对金属矿山废弃地的生态修复技术进行了归纳和分类,在此基础上分析了基质改良技术、植物修复技术、微生物修复技术、各类技术在矿山废弃地生态修复实践中的适用性和优缺点,并指出植物修复技术是应用前景最好的技术。最后,对金属矿山废弃地生态修复技术的发展方向进行了讨论。     

煤矿区废弃矸石山生态恢复技术研究

煤矸石山作为矿区主要废弃地类型之一,严重破坏了矿区生态环境。通过对平煤集团矸石山实地调查、理化特征分析,最终提出了治理矸石山生态恢复的方法,包括边坡整形和边坡植被重建。通过该治理方法的实施,逐步实现了煤矿区废弃矸石山的生态恢复,解决了煤矸石污染问题。此方案的实施,不仅给企业带来了可观的经济效益,同时又改善了当地的生态环境,具有明显的经济和环境效益。     

西南某工矿污染区生态修复工程案例研究

工矿废弃地作为一种退化的生态系统,其环境介质受到污染且生态功能丧失。通过对西南某工矿污染区调查,根据其污染特征,采用区域分异的原则针对性地对矿渣堆积地和污染农田进行修复,调控生态因子如土壤养分、水分及微生物总数等,同时联合运用化学钝化及植物修复技术及农艺措施进行生态修复。结果显示:各工程措施实施之后,污染农田土壤中重金属稳定效果明显,场地中种植的农作物玉米、高粱所含重金属均达到食品安全标准。整个工程运用生态修复原理及原则,成功将一个退化的生态系统改造成农业生态系统,恢复了废弃地的生态功能。该设计及修复经验对于工矿废弃生态修复工程建设具有一定的参考意义。     

汞矿山废弃地土壤汞污染研究

中国是世界上第3大产汞国,而主要的供应源是汞开采,尽管多数矿山开采活动已经关闭,但大规模遗留下来的矿山废弃地会引发许多生态环境问题,尤其是矿山废弃地土壤中汞污染已经成为严重的环境问题之一.文章通过对矿山废弃地的环境污染特征、土壤汞污染途径、迁移方式进行系统综述,介绍了土壤汞污染修复技术,并在此基础上提出了存在的问题以及有待进一步研究的方向.     

羽序灯心草作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物潜力

生态复垦是当前世界各国酸性矿山废弃地修复的主要方法.通过研究云南来利山锡矿区废弃地土壤pH值、肥力特征及重金属含量,以及矿区生长的羽序灯心草形态特征和植株体内重金属的分布特征,分析植株耐酸性、对废弃地土壤肥力的适应性及对Zn和Cu等重金属污染的耐性,探讨其作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物的潜力.结果表明,研究区域根际土壤pH值均值范围为3.46～4.01,呈酸性;土壤中有机质、全钾、全磷和速效磷含量分别为10.28～25.75g·kg~(-1)、 8.84～9.32g·kg~(-1)、 0.56～0.63g·kg~(-1)和1.82～5.72mg·kg~(-1),处于较低水平;土壤中Zn、Cu和Fe含量均值范围分别为54.93～114.49、 92.53～127.59和47 133.60～112 259.63 mg·kg~(-1),其中重金属Cu含量超出风险筛选值1.85～2.55倍;研究区域羽序灯心草株高均值范围为43.77～55.42 cm,对照组植株高度为51.38～57.66 cm,无显著差异,表明羽序灯心草具有耐酸性及对重金属污染具有耐性.进一步分析对重金属Cu和Zn的富集能力和转移特征,发现对Cu和Zn都具有富集能力,且对Zn具有运转能力,具有一定的富集吸收潜力.株高与根际土壤中速效磷的含量显著相关,后期羽序灯心草作为先锋植物在矿山废弃地进行种植时,可针对性地补充含速效磷的肥料改善土壤肥力条件.综合分析结果表明,羽序灯心草作为先锋植物修复酸性矿山废弃地具有巨大潜力.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.