选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱硝研究进展

概述了选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱除NOx的研究进展和SCR催化剂的开发情况，展望了这一领域研究的发展方向。     

废催化剂中金属组分回收利用概述

废催化剂中金属组分的回收利用具有经济性和环保性,从工程项目开发的角度,对废催化剂中金属组分回收利用技术与经济等方面的问题进行了概述,主要包括废催化剂原料的收集与分类、回收技术方案选择、经济评价及关键理论,同时也指出了相关问题及发展前景。     

中国车用催化剂中铂族金属的回收潜力研究

我国铂族金属矿产资源稀缺,而汽车尾气排放标准的不断提升以及燃料电池车的出现加大了铂族金属的需求。因此为了更好地利用城市矿山解决铂族金属的供需矛盾,从我国铂族金属的第一大消费领域出发,研究铂族金属在汽车领域的代谢状况。通过自下而上模型计算车用催化剂中铂族金属的库存,并基于不同的模型分别预测2021—2035年汽油车催化剂、柴油车催化剂和燃料电池催化剂的在用库存,并在此基础上分别求得铂、钯、铑的再回收生产潜力及需求量。结果表明：到2035年铂、钯、铑需求分别为64.00 t、109.35 t、24.99 t;相应地,再回收生产潜力分别为46.10 t、105.51 t、18.34 t。在提高回收率的情况下,钯有望实现行业内部循环,而铂和铑还存在严重的供需矛盾。研究结果可为我国建立车用催化剂的回收体系和实施相关政策提供理论依据。     

A Sunmary on Recovery and of Metal Components From Waste Catalysts

废催化剂中金属组分的回收利用具有经济性和环保性,从工程项目开发的角度,对废催化剂中金属组分回收利用技术与经济等方面的问题进行了概述,主要包括废催化剂原料的收集与分类、回收技术方案选择、经济评价及关键理论,同时也指出了相关问题及发展前景.     

金属氧化物在脱硫脱氮技术中的应用

许多金属氧化物在烟气脱硫脱氮技术中可用作反应的催化剂或SO2的吸收剂，针对其不同的功能，对国内外开发研究的金属氧化物烟气脱硫脱氮方法进行了分类归纳，并分析了各自的优缺点，指出了Fe2O3,MnO2,CuO等金属氧化物在烟气脱硫脱氮领域中的应用前景和进一步的研究方向。     

两种铈锆-氧化铝载体对载Pd催化剂性能的影响

分别以柠檬酸溶胶法和浸渍法制备了两种三氧化二铝负载的铈锆复合氧化物(CZ/A),考察了它们对载Pd三效催化剂性能的影响.发现柠檬酸法样品催化氧化CO和C3H6的活性大大优于浸渍法样品,NO的转化活性二者接近.表征结果显示,在柠檬酸法样品中,CZ以紧密的片层状结构覆盖在氧化铝上,而在浸渍法样品中,CZ呈疏松的颗粒状,这就导致在柠檬酸法样品样品上CZ具有更大的分散度,近而具有更多的Pd-CZ活性位.而且,对于柠檬酸法样品,高温老化后铈锆晶相稳定,无晶相分离,比表面积下降较小,催化剂自身的氧化还原性能更好.这些都使其表现出了更好的催化活性,特别是氧化活性.     

钙钛矿型复合氧化物用于汽车尾气催化净化的研究进展(二)

综述了钙钛矿型汽车催化剂的研究进展.和过渡金属简单氧化物相比,钙钛矿型复合氧化物(ABO3)在热稳定性、化学稳定性和结构稳定性方面具有一定的优越性,因而表现出更高的催化活性.钙钛矿型催化剂的合成方法影响到催化剂的物理化学性能,如结构、形貌、粒度、比表面及催化活性等.大量的注意力集中在如何提高这类催化剂的比表面上.将纳米技术应用于钙钛矿型化合物的制备,不仅提高了催化剂的比表面,更重要的是改善了这类催化剂的催化活性.某些制备技术可以有效地防止催化剂与载体的反应, 从而延长了催化剂的使用寿命.真对不同的制备方法,研制出了相应的负载方法.在许多情况下,制备方法和负载技术组成了一个完整的体系.催化机理是一项颇具挑战性的课题.事实上,钙钛矿型催化剂在汽车尾气净化过程中的作用机制还没有得到彻底理解.在催化机理研究中,还原氧化模型已被人们普遍接受.反应物和产物分子的吸附和解吸以及催化剂结构中的氧离子空位,是许多动力学模型的重要因素.     

石油化工催化剂生产过程中的职业病防治及应急处理

石化企业使用了大量的催化剂,催化剂开发、生产过程复杂,有许多原料和生产工艺,存在许多潜在的安全隐患和职业病危害因素。为预防催化剂生产过程中的事故,通过分析催化剂生产过程中的职业病危害分析,提出了相应的职业病防范及应急处置措施,加强催化剂生产过程中的职业病防治和应急处置能力,创造良好的经济、生态和社会效益,有效防止催化剂生产过程中发生安全事故和职业病。     

CWAO催化剂及其在废水处理中的应用

催化湿式氧化技术是在高温高压条件下处理高浓度、有毒有害且难生物降解污染物的一种高级氧化技术。本在检索了国内外大量参考献的基础上，概述了催化湿式氧化技术的最新进展、机理及动力学，总结了催化湿式氧化技术中催化剂的分类、组成、特点及其在废水处理中的应用，以期对有关研究提供一定的借鉴作用。本最后肯定并展望了催化湿式氧化技术是有广阔应用前景的水处理技术。     

负载型金属催化剂制备过程中的主要职业危害及防护措施

负载型金属催化剂制备过程中产生的主要职业危害是氮氧化物或氯化氢等有毒有害气体，目前采取的主要防护措施是在隔离间操作，加强通风将有毒有害气体直接排空，操作员配戴防护口罩等，虽然降低或消除了操作人员的职业危害，但污染了环境。以钴基费托合成催化剂的制备为例，分析了催化剂的制备过程中产生的主要职业危害是氮氧化物，通过讨论分析现行的防护措施以及氮氧化物的处理方法，从工艺设备的角度上提出了具体的防护措施，在保护劳动者的健康和防止环境污染的同时，又变废为宝创造了价值。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。