广东大宝山矿区堆积土水土流失对重金属迁移量的影响

矿区水土流失和重金属污染是造成区域生态环境损害的重要途径。采用野外径流小区模拟径流原位冲刷试验方法,以广东省大宝山矿区堆积时间为3 a的老弃土和堆积时间为0. 5 a的新弃土为研究对象,以自然土为对照,分析水土流失及重金属的迁移特征,以期为科学认知矿区生态破坏和重金属污染协同治理提供案例支撑。结果表明:(1) 2种类型堆积土径流量均随时间呈上升变化趋势,其20 min平均径流量分别为6. 52和5. 75 L·min~(-1),远大于自然土(0. 69 L·min~(-1))。(2)新弃土径流含沙量和产沙率均最高,分别为156. 79 g·L~(-1)和0. 99kg·min~(-1),老弃土(51. 68 g·L~(-1),0. 27 kg·min~(-1))次之,自然土最低。(3)新、老2种堆积土侵蚀泥沙Cd平均含量分别为自然土的11. 43倍和11. 20倍,平均流失率分别为自然土的361. 67和135. 33倍,且在产流初期Cd流失率最高,有明显的"初期冲刷"效应。Pb、Zn和Cu表现出与Cd一致的迁移特征。(4)径流泥沙中重金属含量与径流量呈极显著正相关关系(P0. 01),重金属流失率与径流含沙量、产沙率呈极显著正相关关系(P0. 01),径流及泥沙流失对重金属的迁移有明显影响。矿区土壤经扰动堆积后,水土流失量及重金属迁移量明显增加,且堆积时间越短,增幅越大。若要控制重金属对矿区外部环境的危害,必须治理矿区水土流失。     

加拿大污染场地的管理方法及其对我国的借鉴

详细介绍了加拿大对污染场地的管理方法,即包括识别可疑场地、场地历史调查、初步采样测试、场地分类、详细采样测试、场地再分类、制定修复管理措施、实施修复管理措施、确认采样和最终报告、长期监测的10步管理流程,并说明了各步骤涉及的若干指导性文件,最后探讨了加拿大污染场地管理方法对我国建立污染场地管理体系的借鉴意义.     

加拿大森林可持续管理标准和指标评介

介绍了加拿大森林可持续管理标准和指标的产生过程 ,详细介绍了该标准和指标的特点和其中的 6个标准、若干个要素、指标等 ,结合我国的实际分析了该标准和指标对我国可持续森林管理的启示和借鉴作用。     

对“禁止开发区”规划和管理的几点思考

通过对禁止开发区面临困境和问题的分析探讨,确定了禁止开发区的涵盖范围,并在土地管理、资源保护、财政投资和建设管护等方面提出了相关政策建议,以期为该区的有效管理提供依据。     

区域建设项目的污染物排放总量控制方法框架

针对目前还缺乏可操作的建设项目环境管理实施污染物排放总量控制(以下简称总量控制)的方法,基于郑州市环境保护局在建设项目环境管理实施总量控制方面的多年实践与经验,探讨了对总量已超出区域环境容量的地区如何对建设项目实施总量控制,如何确定区域污染减排和综合整治总量控制目标的确定,如何构建新、老污染源之间良性互动机制以及制定建设项目实施总量控制的政策、制度和管理措施保障,为区域建设项目环境管理实施总量控制提供了理论和方法框架。     

自然保护区管理有效性评价指标分析

根据154个国家级自然保护区的问卷调查结果,运用主成分分析法对26项管理评价指标进行分析,确定了影响保护区管理有效性的6个主要指标类体系。其结果表明:对管理有效性产生较大影响的主成分包括:物资保障、监控管理、经济开发收益、管理权归属、行政执法和交流合作。6个主成分对于管理有效性的贡献率比较分散,累计贡献率为68.671%;其中物资保障主成分贡献率最大,达26.011%。     

进出口工业化学品风险管理与风险评估进展

我国是世界化学品生产和贸易的大国。大量化学品的生产和进出口贸易给我国化学品风险管理和风险评估带来了巨大挑战。在借鉴发达国家和经济组织对化学品风险管理经验和评估技术的基础上,我国在近年来也逐步开展了化学品的管理和控制,以应对当前日益突出的化学品环境安全和健康安全事故。本文从我国化学品管理与国外化学品风险管理之间的对比出发,在梳理化学品管理政策发展的过程中,重点就我国环境保护部门对有毒和进口化学品、新化学物质和废弃危险化学品以及质检部门对进出口工业化学品的管理和控制措施,以及化学品的评估技术进行了综述。通过与发达国家就化学品风险管理与评估技术的对比,指出我国目前化学品管理和评估的不足与欠缺,并提出一些可行的应对措施与办法,为完善我国化学品风险管理和评估提供一定的参考。     

保护地管理类别和功能分区结合体系

讨论了对保护地进行管理分类和功能分区的必要性,提出了新的保护地管理分类方法(由IUCN制定的6类简化为4类:严格保护类、栖息地/物种管理类、自然公园类和多用途类)和功能分区方法(由人与生物圈保护区体系的三区法修改为5+1区:封闭区、控制区、旅游区、资源利用区、高强度使用区和外围缓冲区),并创新性地将管理类别和功能分区结合在一起运用,针对不同管理类别的保护地以及不同的分区,就可以制定具体的管理目标,并实施不同的管理方法,因此能够为具有多种功能的保护地管理提供灵活的选择.这样的体系将允许人们建立起一套标准的管理要求,规范管理实践,并为监督提供评估标准.此外,还阐述了保护地管理类别体系和功能分区结合体系与IUCN的保护地管理类别体系的对比优势,并列出本体系将如何解决目前保护地管理中存在的一些主要问题.     

国外环境内分泌干扰物管控现状及我国的对策

人工合成化学品引发的环境内分泌干扰效应引起了全世界的广泛关注。系统总结了美国环境保护局、欧盟、日本环境省、经济合作与发展组织、世界卫生组织和联合国环境规划署等有关环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的环境管理措施与进展,它们根据各自的情况制定了国家层面的实施计划,建立了EDCs测试与评估策略及识别标准,发展和验证了大量EDCs测试方法,并对相关法律法规进行修订补充以实现对EDCs的管理等。根据我国关于EDCs的研究管理现状及国外研究管理进展,提出了我国采取相关EDCs管制措施的几点建议。     

面向可持续发展的水资源管理问题的探讨

可持续发展战略已引起世界各国的普遍重视和关注。本文从可持续发展的角度，对水资源的状况和水资源管理政策进行了分析，提出了二十一世纪面向可持续发展的水资源管理原则、管理模式和对策。论文的研究对改进我国的水资源管理具有重要意义。     

铜陵市铜尾矿土壤动物群落生态研究

对安徽省铜陵市铜尾矿地6种生境中土壤动物群落进行野外调查和室内分析，研究不同弃置堆放时间的铜尾矿地土壤的动物群落结构及其与尾矿基质理化性质、植被状况等生境条件之间的关系。结果表明，尾矿堆放时间、区位地貌和植被状况的不同，尾矿基质的理化性质发生变化，导致土壤动物的种类组成和数量分布具有明显差异。土壤动物在土体中的表聚性强，绝大部分集中分布于A层(0～5cm)；土壤的物理性质越稳定，土壤动物越丰富；土壤肥力越高，土壤动物越丰富多样。即尾矿地土壤的生境条件越优越，土壤动物群落的物种丰富度越大，个体数量分布越多，群落多样性越高。这些研究结论为尾矿区的生态修复和可持续利用提供了参考依据。     

Ecological metrics of biomass removed by three methods of purse-seine fishing for tunas in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

An ecosystem approach to fisheries management is a widely recognized goal, but describing and measuring the effects of a fishery on an ecosystem is difficult. Ecological information on the entire catch (all animals removed, whether retained or discarded) of both species targeted by the fishery and nontarget species (i.e., bycatch) is required. We used data from the well-documented purse-seine fishery for tunas (Thunnus albacares, T. obesus, and Katsuwonus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean to examine the fishery's ecological effects. Purse-seine fishing in the eastern tropical Pacific is conducted in 3 ways that differ in the amount and composition of target species and bycatch. The choice of method depends on whether the tunas are swimming alone (unassociated sets), associated with dolphins (dolphin sets), or associated with floating objects (floating-object sets). Among the fishing methods, we compared catch on the basis of weight, number of individuals, trophic level, replacement time, and diversity. Floating-object sets removed 2-3 times as much biomass as the other 2 methods, depending on how removal was measured. Results of previous studies suggest the ecological effects of floating-object sets are thousands of times greater than the effects of other methods, but these results were derived from only numbers of discarded animals. Management of the fishery has been driven to a substantial extent by a focus on reducing bycatch, although discards are currently 4.8% of total catch by weight, compared with global averages of 7.5% for tuna longline fishing and 30.0% for midwater trawling. An ecosystem approach to fisheries management requires that ecological effects of fishing on all animals removed by a fishery, not just bycatch or discarded catch, be measured with a variety of metrics.     

Soil Quality: A Review of the Science and Experiences in the USA

An increasing human population is placing greater demand on soil resources, and as a result degradation is taking place in many regions of the world. This is critical because soils perform a number of essential processes including supporting food and fiber production, influencing air quality through interaction with the atmosphere, and serving as a medium for storage and purification of water. The soil quality concept was introduced to complement soil science research by making our understanding of soils more complete and helping guide the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs as agriculture intensifies and expands to meet increasing world demands. Soil quality thus provides a unifying concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the important processes that soils perform. It also provides an assessment tool for evaluating current management practices and comparing alternative management practices. Soil attributes comprising a minimum data set have been identified, and both laboratory and field methods have been developed for measuring them. A soil quality index is being developed to normalize measured soil quality indicator data and generate a numeric value that can be used to compare various management practices or to assess management-induced changes over time. Using previously published data, we evaluated the soil quality index as a tool to assess a wide range of management practices in the Northern Great Plains. The index ranked the treatments: grazed fertilized tame pasture > moderately grazed > ungrazed> heavily grazed > annual cropping with no-tillage > conventionally tilled crop-fallow which agrees with the way they were subjectively ranked in the publications. The soil quality index shows potential for use as a management assessment tool.     

Soil quality: a review of the science and experiences in the USA

An increasing human population is placing greater demand on soil resources, and as a result degradation is taking place in many regions of the world. This is critical because soils perform a number of essential processes including supporting food and fiber production, influencing air quality through interaction with the atmosphere, and serving as a medium for storage and purification of water. The soil quality concept was introduced to complement soil science research by making our understanding of soils more complete and helping guide the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs as agriculture intensifies and expands to meet increasing world demands. Soil quality thus provides a unifying concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the important processes that soils perform. It also provides an assessment tool for evaluating current management practices and comparing alternative management practices. Soil attributes comprising a minimum data set have been identified, and both laboratory and field methods have been developed for measuring them. A soil quality index is being developed to normalize measured soil quality indicator data and generate a numeric value that can be used to compare various management practices or to assess management-induced changes over time. Using previously published data, we evaluated the soil quality index as a tool to assess a wide range of management practices in the Northern Great Plains. The index ranked the treatments: grazed fertilized tame pasture > moderately grazed > ungrazed > heavily grazed > annual cropping with no-tillage > conventionally tilled crop-fallow which agrees with the way they were subjectively ranked in the publications. The soil quality index shows potential for use as a management assessment tool.     

农田土壤固碳作用对温室气体减排的影响

温室气体排放引起的全球气候变暖和平流层臭氧空洞已成为当前人们关注的环境问题之一。土壤碳库作为地表生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,是甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化二氮等温室气体的重要释放源,也是重要的吸收汇。因此,寻找农田土壤系统碳管理的有效方法已经成为缓解温室效应的重要科学问题。西方发达国家已将固碳农业作为环境管理的重要导向,应用颗粒分组13CNMR或CPMAS-NMR技术对土壤碳固定的机制研究指出微团聚体与矿物-粘粒复合体的相互作用是土壤有机碳稳定存在的主要方式,揭示了土壤有机碳的腐殖质转化及其与土壤矿物、金属氧化物结合的微观水平,且从土壤物理结构、化学组成和生物学特性等多学科交叉研究土壤有机碳的固定机理及其稳定机制。长期传统的土地利用方式和管理措施所导致的土壤有机碳含量、密度及垂直分布的变化是造成土壤碳库损失的主要原因,为了增加农业生态系统土壤有机碳的含量,土地利用方式和农业管理措施应该从增加有机碳输入量和减少有机碳矿化两方面着手,加强对农业土壤固碳潜力和土壤碳库稳定性影响因素的多角度研究。     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

上海市蔬菜地土壤硝态氮状况研究

以上海市郊不同管理方式下菜地表层土壤采样测定土壤硝态氮含量为基础,并以水稻土等土壤作为对照,以期了解上海蔬菜地土壤硝态氮的现状,为菜地的合理施肥提出科学依据。结果表明,由于管理方式不同,土壤的硝态氮的NO3--N质量分数差异明显。大棚蔬菜地土壤中NO3--N明显高于其它其他用地管理方式下的土壤,依次为:w(大棚蔬菜地)>w(露天蔬菜地)>w(传统自留地),而且土壤硝态氮的积累是全剖面性的,而非仅在表层,如在80~100cm土层,大棚土壤硝态氮也为农田的好几倍。而且,大棚蔬菜地土壤盐渍化明显,主要特点之一是硝态氮积累,盐分高的土壤一般硝态氮也高。此外,长期大量的N肥投入引起了土壤酸化。土壤pH与土壤NO3--N质量分数呈线性负相关,经统计检验相关性达极显著水平。     

蜂窝煤灰渣和磷肥结合修复铅污染贫磷潮土的研究（Remediation of Lead Polluted Chaotu Soil with Low Phosphorus Availability by Application of Honeycomb Briquette Combustion Residue and Phosphorus Fertilizer）

利用蜂窝煤灰渣和磷肥结合稳定铅污染贫磷(Olsen-P=2.50mg·kg-1)潮土中铅的可行性.采用盆栽试验,设置0和500mg·kg-1两个Pb用量,灰渣用量分别为干土质量的0%和2%,P:Pb分别为0和4.种植黑麦草,植物生长85d后收获,测定植物产量、土壤DTPA-Pb、Olsen-P含量、pH值和电导率(EC).结果表明,在两个Pb用量及两个P:Pb比例下,加入灰渣后,土壤的DTPA-Pb含量均降低,平均降低5.61%.其中加铅未加磷处理灰渣效果达到0.05的显著水平,各加Pb处理中,同时加入磷肥和灰渣处理土壤的DTPA-Pb含量最低;加入灰渣后处理土壤中的Olsen-P含量均增加,平均增加了2.71mg·kg-1,各处理土壤pH值上升约0.1个单位,加入灰渣也导致各处理土壤的EC增加.各处理条件下加入灰渣后植物产量均减小.在未加磷土壤中加入Pb后,土壤Olsen-P含量显著增加(p<0.05),表明高铅有效性下,植物可能通过根系分泌物增加了土壤磷的有效性.以上结果表明,蜂窝煤灰渣有可能用于降低污染土壤中铅的有效性,但其对植物生长的抑制作用需要克服.     

我国土壤环境质量研究几个值得探讨的问题

针对当前我国土壤环境工作情况,讨论了土壤环境质量研究中3个值得探讨的问题:土壤污染定义、土壤环境质量标准修订和土壤污染防治法立法.关于土壤污染的定义,目前尚无一致的认识.笔者在综合国内外主要观点的基础上提出了土壤污染的定义,并建议建立基于风险评估的土壤环境质量标准体系,认为目前宜制订土壤环境质量目标值、土壤(分别有农业、居住、工业用地土壤)环境质量指导值和土壤污染危害临界值3类标准值,同时分别提出了初步的制订方法.制定土壤污染防治法是我国建立一套行之有效的土壤环境管理体系的需要,笔者在技术层面上讨论了土壤污染防治法的制定问题.     

用土壤生物和养分指标表征土壤肥力的可持续性

运用土壤生物和养分指标讨论了不同农田土壤肥力可持续性指数。结果表明, 不同施肥处理对土壤肥力可持续性指数有很大影响。有机肥明显提高土壤碳、氮和生物管理指数。单施化肥促进土壤磷、钾管理指数的上升。厩肥比绿肥更有利于提高土壤肥力可持续性指数。与参比土壤相比, 化肥处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都增长, 红壤为５ ． ６３ , 水稻土为５ ． ８ , 潮土为４ ． ８３ ; 而对照处理的土壤肥力可持续性指数平均每年都下降, 红壤为５ ． ６ , 水稻土为６ ． ５８ , 潮土为４ ． ５６ 。不同施肥方式对土壤肥力可持续性指数的影响顺序为有机肥、有机肥配施化肥＞ 化肥＞ 参比土壤＞ 对照。