官厅水库入库水生物接触A/O工艺试验

试验表明,生物接触A/O工艺对官厅水库入库水中COD、氨氮等污染物有明显的去除效果,可以有效地改善官厅水库入库水的水质.在单位供气量(空气/氨氮)≥0.1L/mg,进水氨氮负荷≤0.08kg/(m³·d)的条件下,处理后出水COD稳定在30mg/L左右,氨氮去除率＞60%,TN的去除率为1.0%～31.3%.进水氨氮负荷是主要的控制参数,应控制在≤0.08kg/(m³·d).     

A303工艺在处理垃圾渗滤液高浓度氨氮废水工程中的应用

将A3O3工艺用于徐州某垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液好氧段处理工程,讨论了工艺流程、构筑物设计参数和运行状况。结果表明,在A3O3反应池有机负荷OLR为0.6 kg(COD)/(m~3·d)、进水COD为1 900~3 000 mg/L、氨氮为1 000 1 650 mg/L的情况下,出水COD800 mg/L和氨氮5 mg/L时,A3O3反应池对COD和氨氮的去除率分别在60%和98%以上。同时分析了pH、DO和温度对氨氮去除率的影响。     

气升循环分体式膜生物反应器再生回用厕所污水的研究

研究了分体浸没式膜生物反应器及其应用于厕所污水的再生回用.试验结果表明,在人水浓度COD440～970mg/L、BOD₅ 307～612mg/L、NH₃-N59～111mg/L的情况下,出水水质稳定,平均COD＜47mg/L、BOD₅＜8.5mg/L、NH₃-N＜20mg/L,处理水质达到建设部颁布的生活杂用水回用标准.研究了动力学参数污泥负荷、容积负荷和HRT对出水COD的影响,确定本试验较佳的污泥负荷和容积负荷分别为0.1kg/(kg·d)和1kg/(m³·d),HRT为7～8h.本文对污泥浓度、温度和产水时间与间歇时间比对膜通量的影响进行了测定与探讨.     

UASB处理阿维菌素废水的研究

利用 UASB反应器处理阿维菌素废水试验运行结果表明 :通过控制进水中 AVM浓度和对厌氧污泥有效的培养驯化 ,AVM的基质抑制影响基本消除 ;当进水 COD为 6 0 0 0～ 6 5 0 0 mg/ L时 ,出水 COD为 82 0～ 90 0 mg/ L ,反应器水力停留时间 9.5～ 10 .5 h,容积负荷达到 14～ 15 kg COD/ (m3· d) ,COD去除率达以 86 .1%     

日光型厌氧好氧一体化技术处理滨海农村污水

对日光型厌氧好氧一体化技术处理农村生活污水的效能进行了应用研究。系统的处理量为89t/d,HRT为1.8 d,水解酸化段水力负荷为0.78 m3/(m3·d),接触氧化段水力负荷4.24 m3/(m3·d),稳定运行6个月结果表明:该工艺对CODcr、NH3-N 、TP和SS的去除率分别为73.2%、49.5%、56.1%和79.3%,出水 CODcr、NH3-N、TP、SS的平均浓度分别在60.3 mg/L、20.4 mg/L、2.7 mg/L、26.7 mg/L以下出水水质达到GB18918-2002要求。     

新型生物流化床组合工艺处理工业有机废水的工程应用分析

尝试一种新型结构的生物三相流化床工程化应用于磁电器制品厂的洗涤废水和漂染厂高浓度印染废水的处理 ,处理规模分别为 2 40m3 d和 2 5 0 0m3 d。采用A O2 的流化床组合工艺 ,在总HRT低于 2 4h的操作条件下 ,当洗涤废水进水CODCr负荷为 2 3～ 2 6kg m3·d ,BOD5负荷为 0 72～ 0 95kg m3·d的情况下 ,出水CODCr、BOD5、SS及油分的平均浓度分别为 43 5 0mg L、18 90mg L、2 1 0mg L及 0 86mg L。当印染废水的进水CODCr、BOD5负荷为 3 8～5 8kg m3·d和 1 3～ 1 8kg m3·d时 ,出水CODCr、BOD5浓度分别低于 90mg L和 35mg L。其处理出水均达到了国家一级排放标准。选用的新工艺运行管理方便 ,出水稳定 ,处理费用为 0 6～ 0 8元 t,且基本无污泥产生 ,证明该技术符合清洁生产的环保新概念。实践证明 ,新型生物三相流化床具有体积负荷大 ,抗冲击能力强 ,处理效率高的特点     

橡胶促进剂高压M废水生化处理试验研究

本文对橡胶促进剂高压 M 废水的生化处理工艺及处理能力等问题进行了研究,结果表明采用二步法处理橡胶促进剂高压 M 废水 COD 去除率达85%,出水 COD 浓度在300mg/L 左右,苯胺出水浓度在3mg/L 以下,硫化物出水浓度在1mg/L 以下,处理负荷1.5～2.0kgCOD/m~3·d.     

微压流化式复合生物反应器处理含酚废水效能的研究

通过连续动态试验,对新型微压流化式复合生物反应器(MP-FHBR)处理模拟苯酚废水的效能进行研究.结果表明,MP-FHBR的COD容积负荷可达4.86kg/(m3·d)、苯酚容积负荷可达1.96kg/(m3·d),出水COD低于200mg/L、出水苯酚浓度低于1mg/L,COD和苯酚去除率分别达到90%和99%以上.当苯酚容积负荷达到2.04kg/(m3·d),苯酚在反应器中逐渐累积,反应器内微生物的TTC-比脱氢酶活性下降.当MP-FHBR进水苯酚浓度为800mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为9～10h.水力负荷对反应器沉淀池的泥水分离效果影响较大,限制了反应器的进水量,所以MP-FHBR主要适用于处理较高浓度的含酚废水.     

生产规模中药废水两相厌氧生物处理工艺研究

采用两相厌氧-好氧工艺系统治理哈尔滨中药二厂高浓度难降解有机生产废水,通过两相厌氧工艺的运行效果,分析了其在工艺系统中的作用.生产性试验突破了中药废水生物处理技术始终停留在原水COD低于5000mg/L、可生化性良好的易处理废水上的研究现状.现场调试运行结果表明:在进水浓度多为7000～40000mg/L且废水可生化性差(BOD₅/COD<0.2)的情况下,产酸相反应器的日平均COD容积负荷可达到20～30kg/(m³·d),平均COD去除率为47.1%;产甲烷相反应器27d启动成功,其COD容积负荷可达到6.0～7.0kg/(m³·d),平均COD去除率为94.06%;两相厌氧工艺系统COD总去除率可达93.0%以上,是整个工艺系统出水达标排放的重要前提.     

UASB-SBR处理生物柴油制环氧脂肪酸甲酯废水

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-序批式活性污泥法反应器(SBR)组合工艺处理生物柴油制环氧脂肪酸甲酯废水,考察了反应器各个阶段废水的处理效果。试验结果表明:当调整废水的氧化还原电位(ORP)降至-50~+50mV,UASB稳定运行阶段进水COD约为6 000mg/L时,出水COD在1 300mg/L以下,COD去除率约为80%,VFA浓度为180mg/L(以乙酸计)左右,最佳容积负荷为6.0kg/(m3·d);采用SBR处理UASB出水,当容积负荷为1.27kg/(m3·d)时,出水COD在250mg/L以下,COD去除率在80%以上,氨氮浓度在25mg/L以下,TP浓度在4mg/L以下,且处理后废水的COD、氨氮浓度、TP浓度均达到《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》(CJ343—2010)的A级要求。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.