WS2对Fe2+/过氧化钙类芬顿体系降解双酚A的助催化作用

Fe²⁺/过氧化钙类芬顿体系(Fe²⁺/CaO₂)在实际应用中易受到铁离子循环缓慢的限制.因此,本研究利用商业WS₂作为Fe²⁺/CaO₂体系的助催化剂以促进Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺快速循环,进而高效降解双酚A(BPA).在最佳条件下,WS₂/Fe²⁺/CaO₂体系在15 min内对BPA(10 mg·L^-1)的降解率为99.7%.同时,该体系展示出良好的应用前景,可适用于多种水体,亦可高效降解多种难降解有机污染物.自由基淬灭实验和EPR分析表明,羟基自由基(·OH)、单线态氧(¹O₂)和超氧自由基(·O₂^-)是BPA降解的主要活性氧物种,其中·OH贡献最大.WS₂表面暴露的W⁴⁺还原性位点,促进了Fe...     

Fe (II)活化过硫酸盐处理喹啉工艺参数优化及生物毒性

以喹啉为处理目标物,采用Fe²⁺活化K₂S₂O₈（PS）的高级氧化体系在不同环境因素下降解喹啉.结果表明：与单一PS体系和Fe²⁺体系相比,Fe²⁺/PS体系可以有效降解喹啉.在初始喹啉浓度为250mg/L,喹啉/PS物质的量比为1：10,PS/Fe²⁺物质的量比为3,初始pH3,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为80min的条件下,喹啉降解率可达100%.提高PS和Fe²⁺浓度均能有效提高喹啉降解率,但超过一定限值后对喹啉去除效果不明显.Fe²⁺/PS去除喹啉的过程符合一级反应动力学.溶液初始pH值越高,喹啉去除率越低;反应温度越高,喹啉去除率越高.自由基淬灭实验证实,Fe²⁺活化PS体系中有SO₄^-·和OH·的存在,其中由SO₄^-·产生的OH·对喹啉的降解占主导地位.通过GC/MS检测到2种中间产物8-羟基喹啉和2（1H）-喹啉酮,据此推测基于硫酸根自由基强化喹啉降解的可能路径.大肠杆菌急性毒性实验结果证实,虽然Fe²⁺/PS体系去除喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物,但酸性条件和较高的反应温度有利于体系脱毒.     

Fe (II)活化过硫酸盐处理喹啉工艺参数优化及生物毒性

以喹啉为处理目标物,采用Fe²⁺活化K₂S₂O₈（PS）的高级氧化体系在不同环境因素下降解喹啉.结果表明：与单一PS体系和Fe²⁺体系相比,Fe²⁺/PS体系可以有效降解喹啉.在初始喹啉浓度为250mg/L,喹啉/PS物质的量比为1：10,PS/Fe²⁺物质的量比为3,初始pH3,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为80min的条件下,喹啉降解率可达100%.提高PS和Fe²⁺浓度均能有效提高喹啉降解率,但超过一定限值后对喹啉去除效果不明显.Fe²⁺/PS去除喹啉的过程符合一级反应动力学.溶液初始pH值越高,喹啉去除率越低;反应温度越高,喹啉去除率越高.自由基淬灭实验证实,Fe²⁺活化PS体系中有SO₄^-·和OH·的存在,其中由SO₄^-·产生的OH·对喹啉的降解占主导地位.通过GC/MS检测到2种中间产物8-羟基喹啉和2（1H）-喹啉酮,据此推测基于硫酸根自由基强化喹啉降解的可能路径.大肠杆菌急性毒性实验结果证实,虽然Fe²⁺/PS体系去除喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物,但酸性条件和较高的反应温度有利于体系脱毒.     

Fe/TiO2-x可见光活化过硫酸盐降解双酚A的作用机制

以TiO₂和FeCl₃为原料,通过水热-煅烧的方法成功制备了具有高可见光催化活性的Fe/TiO_2-X催化剂并将其应用于催化活化过硫酸盐降解BPA的研究中.结果表明,研究体系具有优秀的催化氧化能力,BPA(50mg/L)的降解率在40min内达到100%,矿化度达到68.92%,研究同时对复合材料中有无Ti³⁺的自掺杂以及催化剂的投加量、PS浓度对体系降解有机物效能的影响进行了探究.该体系可通过自生光电子还原Fe³⁺实现三价铁和二价铁的高效循环.硫酸根自由基(SO₄^-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)为体系中主要的活性氧化物质,其中·OH贡献率超过66.2%.研究结果同时表明,碱性环境以及体系中的CO₃^2-对体系降解效能具有抑制作用.     

Fe2+/电复合活化过硫酸盐处理酸性橙Ⅱ的过程研究

构建了Fe²⁺/电复合活化过硫酸盐体系,以酸性橙Ⅱ为模拟污染物,探究了温度、Fe²⁺浓度、过硫酸钠浓度、电流密度和pH值对降解过程的影响,并基于猝灭实验分析过程中存在的活性物种及其作用机制.结果表明：Fe²⁺/电复合活化下酸性橙Ⅱ的降解速率远高于同等条件下单一Fe²⁺活化或电活化的情况;Fe²⁺/电复合活化的能耗仅为0.15 kWh·m^-3,比电活化的能耗降低了46.4%;Fe²⁺/电复合活化对初始pH的适用性较为宽泛,在酸性或中性条件下均可有效降解酸性Ⅱ;在温度为40℃、Fe²⁺浓度为0.50 mmol·L^-1、过硫酸钠浓度为4 mmol·L^-1、电流密度为3 mA·cm^-2和初始pH为6.76的情况下,酸性橙Ⅱ的降解率可在30 min内达到95.8%;猝灭实验表明,复合活化过程中存在硫酸根自由基、羟基自由基和超氧自由基.综合分析认为复合体系中的...     

WS2强化Fe2+活化高碘酸盐降解酸性橙7的研究

构建无机还原剂硫化钨(WS₂)强化Fe²⁺活化高碘酸盐(PI)体系，以典型有机染料酸性橙7(AO7)为模拟污染物，探究了Fe²⁺浓度、PI浓度、WS₂浓度、p H值及水体常见共存阴离子对AO7去除过程的影响，并基于自由基淬灭与捕获实验(EPR)分析了体系中可能存在的活性氧化物种及其生成机制.结果表明：WS₂/Fe²⁺/PI体系氧化去除AO7的效率远高于同等条件下单一Fe²⁺/PI活化过程；在[Fe²⁺]₀=0.1 mmol·L^-1、[PI]₀=0.5mmol·L^-1、[WS₂]₀=0.3 g·L^-1、初始p H为2.6条件下，AO7去除率在12 min内达到93.0%.实验中Fe²⁺浓度、WS₂浓度与AO7去除率呈正相...     

Fe2O3/MoS2复合材料活化过硫酸盐降解磺胺嘧啶

采用共沉淀法和高温煅烧法制备 Fe₂O₃和 Mo S₂复合材料(FM),将其作为非均相催化剂活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对FM的形态和结构进行表征。研究了FM投加量、PS浓度、初始p H、无机阴离子、腐殖酸对SDZ降解的影响。结果表明：在FM投加量为0.4 g/L、PS浓度为1 mmol/L、初始p H为7、SDZ浓度为20 μmol/L条件下,FM/PS体系在30 min内对SDZ的降解率达到100%。电子顺磁共振(EPR)和自由基淬灭实验结果表明,FM/PS 体系中主要的活性因子为硫酸根自由基(SO₄^·-)和羟基自由基(·OH),其中 SO₄^·-起主导作用。FM/PS 体系降解 SDZ 的机理为：Mo S₂表面的Mo⁴⁺直接催化PS,同时促进Fe₂O₃     

可见光促有机物诱导铁还原的多相类芬顿体系强化效能与机制

近年来,亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐的类芬顿(Fe²⁺-PMS/PS)高级氧化技术发展日趋成熟,但因Fe³⁺无法还原导致反应停止的问题仍制约其大规模应用.结果发现,当把以双酚A（BPA）为代表的某些有机物与Fe³⁺和TiO₂混合,所形成的某种络合物可以拓宽TiO₂光响应范围捕获可见光,通过TiO₂将光生电子传递给Fe³⁺进行还原,从而实现Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺的无限循环.依据上述原理,构建了可见光下BPA-TiO₂-Fe³⁺-PS复合体系来降解BPA,并对其催化性能、催化机制和影响因素进行探讨.结果表明,该体系具有突出的催化性能,60 min内BPA(50 mg·L^-1)降解率达到93.1%,矿化度达到70%.同时验证该体系可以通过双酚A自生光电子还原Fe³⁺, 60 min还原得到的Fe²⁺稳...     

柠檬酸配体促进Cu/Fe0电子转移增强氧化性能的研究

该研究通过掺杂过渡金属Cu和Ni方式制备了2种改性纳米零价铁材料,在有无柠檬酸(CA)2种体系下,探究了材料对诺氟沙星的降解效果并分析其作用机理。结果表明,1% Cu/Fe⁰-CA对诺氟沙星有最佳降解效果,1 h降解效率约为73%;而没有柠檬酸的Cu/Fe⁰体系,也有70%左右的降解效率。结合DFT理论计算分析,对体系中·O₂^-、H₂O₂、·OH等自由基形成过程探究表明,无柠檬酸配体时主要是还原降解过程,在Fe⁰转化Fe²⁺时,电子直接传递至铁表面吸附的诺氟沙星,且还原氢(H*)起到还原作用。在有柠檬酸配体存在时则源于活化分子氧过程,在电子传递过程中产生H₂O₂,继而与柠檬酸亚铁产生类Fenton反应,体现出强氧化效应。     

NTA-Fe@PDA/H2O2氧化去除废水中盐酸土霉素

利用聚多巴胺(PDA)与氮川三乙酸(NTA)接枝并螯合Fe³⁺,形成以PDA为载体、NTA为Fe³⁺螯合剂的芬顿催化剂NTA-Fe@PDA,采用NTA-Fe@PDA/H₂O₂芬顿氧化法去除废水中盐酸土霉素(OTC).材料表征结果发现,NTA-Fe@PDA属于典型的介孔结构,Fe元素与有机配体成功螯合,PDA的聚合效果良好.探讨了H₂O₂投加量、NTA-Fe@PDA投加量和初始pH值对OTC降解的影响.结果表明,在NTA-Fe@PDA浓度为200mg/L,H₂O₂浓度为5mmol/L,初始pH值为4.85的条件下,反应60min后,20mg/L OTC的降解率达到96.23%.自由基鉴定实验表明,·OH是OTC降解过程中的主要自由基.通过LC-MS分析结果推测了OTC降解的中间产物和可能的降解路径.NTA-Fe@PDA在反应体系中重复利用8次以后,OTC的降解率仍在86.80%以上. NTA-Fe@PDA/H     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.