甲壳素及其衍生物的开发前景

甲壳素是一种天然的生物高分子,是仅次于纤维素的第二大可再生资源.系统介绍了提取甲壳素的原料来源及提取方法.对国内外甲壳素制取壳聚糖的方法和工艺条件作了详细的介绍,着重阐述了壳聚糖及其衍生物的生产方法以及在医药、食品、日化、农业、化工、环保、造纸、纺织等许多领域的应用现状和开发前景.     

微波诱导催化技术在环境治理中的应用研究

微波诱导催化技术以其快速、高效和无二次污染等特点,日益受到环保研究者的重视。目前,微波诱导催化技术已在大气污染控制、水污染控制及固体废弃物处理与处置等环境治理领域取得了显著效果。阐述了微波诱导催化技术的基本原理、催化反应的催化剂和载体及催化反应的机制,归纳了微波诱导催化技术在环境治理中的应用现况及实例,分析了微波诱导催化技术在实际应用中存在的问题,并提出相应的解决措施,最后对微波诱导催化技术在环境治理领域中的进一步应用进行了展望。     

壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的研究进展

综述了,我国近几年来壳聚糖处理含重金属离子废水的研究进展。壳聚糖及其改性产品的吸附性能主要体现在对各种金属离子的吸附上,为了有选择性地吸附某种或某些金属离子,人们通过修饰、交联、接枝等方法对壳聚糖进行了各种改性研究。     

高铁酸盐处理有机废水的研究进展

综述了高铁酸盐去除水中藻类、细菌、烃类衍生物、药品、农药、染料等有机污染物的国内外最新研究进展,并对高铁酸盐的高效利用进行了探讨。高铁酸盐可破坏藻类和细菌细胞的完整性,将大分子芳香烃衍生物氧化为低毒的小分子中间体,将小分子链烃衍生物矿化,破坏药品、农药及染料的不饱和双键。无机矿物在溶液中负载高铁酸盐或将高分子有机物与固体高铁酸盐混合造粒,将是高铁酸盐高效利用领域的研究热点。     

粉煤灰的综合利用现状与展望

粉煤灰是具有潜在资源属性的工业废渣,对其综合利用具有重要的环保和经济意义.综述了粉煤灰在建材原料、工程填筑、农用、环境治理、提取有用物质、制备功能性新材料等领域中的应用,并立足当前存在的问题,预期了未来发展方向.     

金属有机框架（MOFs）材料电催化还原CO2研究进展

电催化还原CO2转化为清洁能源或有用的化学品被认为是减排CO2的一种有效方式。金属有机框架(MOFs)材料由于分散的金属中心和可调的化学结构等特点而被广泛应用于电催化领域。综述了MOFs材料用于电催化还原CO2的研究进展,对比了近年来MOFs材料及其衍生物电催化CO2化学转化的效率及产物选择性,并对MOFs材料作为电催化材料的应用前景进行了展望。     

壳聚糖的絮凝性能及其在废水脱色处理中的应用

介绍了壳聚糖的理化性质及其作为絮凝剂的优点,探讨了壳聚糖的絮凝机理,分析了壳聚糖絮凝效果的影响因素(包括废水p H、絮凝温度、搅拌转速及时间、壳聚糖投加量、壳聚糖脱乙酰度及相对分子质量、废水浊度),总结了壳聚糖改性和复合后在废水脱色处理中的应用。指出:未来还需更深入地研究絮凝机理,同时也需进一步研究影响絮凝效果的因素;新型壳聚糖絮凝剂将向更高效、成本更低且环境友好的方向发展。     

壳聚糖对酸性染料的吸附性能研究

采用壳聚糖为吸附剂,研究了壳聚糖对兰纳洒脱酱红B(ABB)和尼龙山黄N-3RL(NYN)两种酸性染料模拟废水的吸附性能.在染料废水初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、体积为50 mL的条件下,壳聚糖对两种染料废水的最佳吸附条件:壳聚糖脱乙酰度为75%,壳聚糖粒径为0.054～0.076 MM,壳聚糖加入量为20 mg,搅拌时间为2.0 h,搅拌速率为400 r/min,废水pH为6,ABB废水温度为10～30 ℃,NYN废水温度为20-50℃.在最佳的吸附条件下,壳聚糖对ABB和NYN的吸附容量分别为244.45 mg/g和239.14 mg/g.壳聚糖对ABB的吸附较符合Freundlich方程,对NYN的吸附较符合Langmuir方程.     

交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂的制备及性能

用沸石负载由缩水甘油基三乙基氯化铵交联的壳聚糖,制得了性能良好的交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂。研究了该吸附剂应用性能的影响因素,探讨了该吸附剂的吸附性、沉降性和重复使用性,利用FTIR仪和高倍透射电子显微镜对该吸附剂的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明:壳聚糖的交联度为0.93、交联壳聚糖与沸石的质量比为0.045时,制得的交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂对腐殖酸的去除率可达81.4%,吸附量为4.07mg/g;交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附性能较沸石有显著提高,沉降时间较交联壳聚糖明显缩短;经二次洗脱后腐殖酸去除率仍可达80.2%,腐殖酸吸附量为4.01mg/g。     

改性壳聚糖处理微生物浸矿废水

为解决采矿行业微生物浸矿酸性废水中和处理沉渣多、固液分离困难的问题,采用柠檬酸钠和环氧氯丙烷改性处理的壳聚糖在pH=2.2条件下吸附模拟废水中的Cu²⁺和Fe³⁺,用正交实验优化了壳聚糖改性工艺条件。实验结果表明,最适宜的工艺条件为：处理100 mL壳聚糖质量分数为2%的壳聚糖-冰醋酸溶液,柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液加入量200 mL,环氧氯丙烷加入量300 mL,反应时间6 h。改性壳聚糖对Fe³⁺的最大吸附容量为6.703 7 mg/g,对Cu²⁺的最大吸附容量为4.378 7 mg/g,Fe³⁺和Cu²⁺在改性壳聚糖上的吸附是单分子层形式。     

Renewable Resources and Enzymatic Processes to Create Functional Polymers: Adapting Materials and Reactions from Food Processing

We are exploiting materials and concepts from food science to create functionalized, environmentally friendly derivatives of the biopolymer chitosan, a byproduct of seafood processing. Functional groups are grafted onto chitosan using tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for food browning. The functionalizing groups studied include low-molecular-weight phenols derived from natural sources and high-molecular-weight proteins. The approach of using low-molecular-weight phenols to functionalize chitosan is illustrated with arbutin, a natural phenol found in pears. Results demonstrate that tyrosinase initiates reactions that lead to the conversion of arbutin–chitosan solutions into gels. These gels can be rapidly broken by treatment with the chitosan-hydrolyzing enzyme chitosanase, demonstrating that the chitosan derivatives remain biodegradable. We briefly review other studies in which low-molecular-weight natural phenols are enzymatically grafted onto chitosan to confer functional properties. The creation of co-polymers is illustrated by results in which tyrosinase is used to couple gelatin onto chitosan. Gelatin is a proteinaceous byproduct of meat production. The tyrosinase-generated gelatin–chitosan conjugates have been observed to offer interesting rheological and thermal properties. These results demonstrate the potential for using renewable resources and enzymatic processing to create environmentally friendly polymers with useful functional properties.     

石油产品装卸过程中的油气回收技术

介绍了石油产品装卸过程产生的油气污染及其治理方法、工艺过程与技术特点。结合中国石化股份有限公司长岭分公司石油产品装卸过程产生的油气污染情况,对油气回收方案的选择、回收工艺及油品回收情况与经济效益进行了论述。     

FLUENT在燃煤电厂大气污染控制领域的应用研究进展

介绍了FLUENT软件的基本原理、方法及主要特点,综述了其在燃煤电厂大气污染控制、大气污染扩散、大气污染物生成模拟方面的研究进展和实际应用情况,在此基础上,总结了FLUENT软件在燃煤电厂大气污染领域应用中存在的问题,并提出了今后的研究方向和发展趋势。     

植物修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

石油污染土壤的植物修复技术以其处理成本低、无二次污染、自然美观等特点,正逐步成为未来石油污染治理研究的一个重要方向。文章综述了植物修复石油污染土壤的研究进展,阐述了植物修复的机理、影响因素、转基因植物的应用及与其他技术的联用,并探讨了植物修复石油污染土壤研究中存在的问题。     

Using Chitosan as a Coagulant in Recovery of Organic Matters from the Mash and Lauter Wastewater of Brewery

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer which can be used to replace aluminum salts and chemical polymers as a coagulant to avoid the human health problems caused by the residual of aluminum and chemical polymers in water. Chitin is a major component in shrimp and crab shells, and chitosan can be produced from chitin via a deacetylated process. Since the biodegradation of chitin is very slow, large amount of discards from the processing of crustaceans has become a major concern in seafood industry. Therefore, more works are need to find the possible applications of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives. This research used chitosan as a coagulant to recover wheat dregs in the wastewater from washing the mash and the lauter unit in a brewery, and regards this study as an example to understand the influences of the characters of the wastewater on the treatment plant of brewery. The result shows that the␣wastewater from the mash and the lauter units can have the best treatment efficiency at the coagulant dosage of 120 mg/L in the original pH 4.5. Increasing the solution pH decreased the turbidity removal efficiency. The dominant mechanisms for chitosan to remove colloids in the␣wastewater are charge bridging and neutralization, and the later becomes less significant in␣the high pH. The coagulant of chitosan removed most of the colloidal form organic matter in the wastewater, but it has only little effect on the removal of dissolving organic matter. Chitosan is a natural material, after coagulation the sludge from the mash and lauter wastewater can serve directly as an animal husbandry fodder after been dehydrated. Therefore, the loading to wastewater treatment plant and the cost of treatment could be reduced.     

磷对环境的污染及防治对策

我国水体富营养化严重，其主要控制因子是磷。在分析磷污染的污染状况，污染源的基础上，介绍了防治对策，采用低磷循环冷却水处理剂，减少磷排放，是防止工业磷污染的有效方法。     

复合混凝剂CAF的研制与净水效果试验

以天然物质甲壳素制备壳聚糖,并用壳聚糖、聚合铝和三氯化铁制成了复合混凝剂ＣＡＦ。详细介绍了制备甲壳素、壳聚糖、ＣＡＦ的工艺流程和最佳工艺参数,试验结果表明,ＣＡＦ的净水效果明显优于无机混凝剂聚合铝和三氯化铁。     

An Overview on Surface Modification of Cotton Fiber for Apparel Use

About 48 % cotton fiber is consumed as clothing materials all over the globe. It is popular for softness, versatility, absorbance and breathability. Cotton is hydrophilic in nature and therefore, it can absorb sweat from the human body and can release in the surface that makes it comfortable. But it has some inherent limitations such as wrinkle, shrinkage, low dye uptake and microbial degradation. Various approaches have been made to overcome the above limitations. Surface modification of textiles to impart antimicrobial activity, shrinkage, wrinkle resistance, decreased skin irritation, increase dye exhaustion and even enhancing fragrance is the most recent trends in textile chemistry. Various monomers, polymers and biopolymers are applied in different ways to improve different properties of cotton. Chitosan is the mostly used biopolymer in this regard for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity and antimicrobial activity. This paper is a short overview of the most recent development in surface modification of cotton using biopolymers such as chitosan, starch and its derivatives and some other synthetic monomers and polymers.     

铬盐工业污染防治对策与建议

在对全国铬盐工业多家企业调研的基础之上,对铬盐工业的生产现状、主要生产工艺及排污节点、污染物排放特征、污染控制技术等进行了论述,指出了污染防治存在的问题,并提出了对策和建议。