某农药厂周边空气毒死蜱污染状况及健康风险评价

为了研究某农药厂毒死蜱生产对周围人群产生的潜在健康风险,在农药厂周围村庄设置采样点,采用大流量大气采样器采集大气样本,索式提取/气相色谱法分析毒死蜱浓度。结果表明,大气气溶胶中毒死蜱的质量浓度为0.2~189 ng/m3,大气颗粒物中毒死蜱浓度较低,质量浓度为ND~3.50 ng/m3。基于美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价方法计算结果表明,大气毒死蜱暴露对于儿童和成人的非致癌风险控制在EPA推荐的可接受风险水平。     

海水利用排放水中典型有机氯农药的环境安全性

基于生态风险评价方法对海水淡化和直流冷却两类海水利用工程排放水中的3类典型有机氯农药进行了环境安全性分析。通过实际监测获得有机氯农药在海水利用排放水中的环境浓度;借助美国环境保护署（EPA）颁布的水质基准,获得有机氯农药在海水中的无影响浓度;采用商值法对海水利用排放水中的有机氯农药环境风险进行量化。结果表明：海水利用排放水中七氯和滴滴涕已存在环境风险,其中七氯的污染问题应尤引起重视。     

流域环境风险评价研究进展

在分析流域环境风险内涵的基础上,从研究内容和研究方法两个方面,综述了国内外流域环境风险评价研究现状。指出目前研究内容主要集中在流域水质健康风险评价、流域生态风险评价、地下水环境风险评价、突发事件和农业非点源污染的流域环境风险评价等方面,主要采用基于层次分析、突变理论或经验公式(数学模型)的研究方法。在此基础上讨论了目前研究存在的不足,并从复杂动态系统分析的角度提出了未来的发展趋势。     

基于超标风险改进的加拿大水质指数及其应用

将三角模糊数和超标风险度引入加拿大水质指数(CCME-WQI),建立了能够反映超标风险的改进型CCMEWQI。改进后的CCME-WQI通过计算水质指标的超标隶属度与超标风险,可实现对水质不确定性与超标风险的综合考量。在此基础上,评价了重庆市某水库2016—2019年水质状况。结果显示:改进后的CCME-WQI的评价结果较仅反映最差指标类别的单因子评价法的评价结果更为全面、客观。基于超标风险改进的CCME-WQI考虑了即将超标但尚未超标的水质因子存在的风险,在结果显示上比改进前的CCME-WQI更为全面、严格,更适用于评价一段时间内的水体污染程度和超标状态。     

水生态完整性监测评价的基准与参照状态探究

水生态完整性评价通过对水生态系统中不同生态组分(非生物和生物)的监测,整合物理栖息地、环境水质和生物特征形成综合评价指数来反映水生态系统健康状况,是流域水环境管理的重要手段。笔者尝试从水生态完整性评价中基准与参照状态的核心要素出发,探讨基准与参照状态的概念框架与具体定义,综述评价参照状态的四大类确定方法(基于分类学的参照位点法、历史数据法,针对特定位点的模型预测法以及提供经验解释与描述的专家判断法),并对参照状态研究的挑战与应用予以展望。     

木糖项目环境风险评价探讨

木糖项目生产工艺复杂,生产过程中涉及硫酸,硫酸具有毒性、有害性、易燃易爆性等多样性,环境风险较大.本文对木糖项目环境风险评价中,环境风险识别、风险物的危害、环境风险的预防和应急处理措施等评价方法作了探讨.     

美国制定水质基准的方法概要

水质基准保护对象不同可分为保护水生生物的水质基准和保护人体健康的水质基准。概要介绍了美国推导这两种水质基准的方法及其数据要求。     

中国环境风险评价体系的完善:来自美国的经验和启示

分析总结了美国在比较风险评价研究、环境风险评价指南、环境风险评价过程中的不确定性分析和风险交流等方面的经验,并结合我国环境风险评价现状和存在问题,提出,开展比较风险评价研究,完善环境风险评价指南体系,减小环境风险评价的不确定性和建立有效可行的环境风险交流体系的建议,从而完善我国环境风险评价体系,提高环境风险评价结果的真实性和可靠性。     

应用水质标识指数法评价太湖湖滨带水质

以2009年12月和2010年4、8月的全太湖湖滨带水质监测数据为基础,以TN、TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn、DO为评价指标,采用水质标识指数评价法对太湖湖滨带水质进行评价。水质指标基本信息显示,NH₃-N冬季、春季空间变异较大,TP夏季空间变异较大;单因子标识指数评价结果显示,太湖湖滨带水体水质因子污染风险时空差异显著,TN冬季、春季全区域污染风险均较大,NH₃-N冬季和夏季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大,TP三季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大;综合标识指数评价结果显示,东太湖、东部沿岸、贡湖区域水质较好,为Ⅲ类水,竺山湾和西部沿岸水体水质最差,为Ⅴ类水,且竺山湾和西部沿岸水体三季均处于重度污染状态。该研究可为太湖湖滨带水环境的生态恢复和标识指数应用的推广提供一定的科学依据。     

山东某沿海城市集中式饮用水水源水质及健康风险评价

基于2017—2020年山东某沿海城市集中式饮用水水源水质监测数据,采用单因子评价法和美国环保局（USEPA）的健康风险模型对该市集中式饮用水水源水质进行综合评价。结果表明,2017—2020年该市集中式饮用水水源地Ⅲ类以上水质比例为98.7%;总健康风险年均值为4.11×10^-6,超过英国皇家协会、瑞典环保局和荷兰环境部的可接受风险水平限值（1×10^-6）,低于USEPA（1×10^-4）和国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）（5×10^-5）的可接受风险水平限值,风险等级为Ⅰ级,处于低风险水平。该市水源地健康风险主要来自致癌物,致癌物健康风险为：砷>镉。2017—2020年该市集中式饮用水水源地水质健康风险分级稳定在Ⅰ级,并呈逐年降低趋势。通过对比分析,水质与健康风险评价结论不尽相同,健康风险评价可作为现阶段水质评价的有益补充,进一步说明水源地的水质状况和健康风险,为生态环境管理及居民生活提供有益参考。     

Probabilistic risk assessment of insecticide concentrations in agricultural surface waters: a critical appraisal

Due to the specific modes of action and application patterns of agricultural insecticides, the insecticide exposure of agricultural surface waters is characterized by infrequent and short-term insecticide concentration peaks of high ecotoxicological relevance with implications for both monitoring and risk assessment. Here, we apply several fixed-interval strategies and an event-based sampling strategy to two generalized and two realistic insecticide exposure patterns for typical agricultural streams derived from FOCUS exposure modeling using Monte Carlo simulations. Sampling based on regular intervals was found to be inadequate for the detection of transient insecticide concentrations, whereas event-triggered sampling successfully detected all exposure incidences at substantially lower analytical costs. Our study proves that probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) concepts in their present forms are not appropriate for a thorough evaluation of insecticide exposure. Despite claims that the PRA approach uses all available data to assess exposure and enhances risk assessment realism, we demonstrate that this concept is severely biased by the amount of insecticide concentrations below detection limits and therefore by the sampling designs. Moreover, actual insecticide exposure is of almost no relevance for PRA threshold level exceedance frequencies and consequential risk assessment outcomes. Therefore, we propose a concept that features a field-relevant ecological risk analysis of agricultural insecticide surface water exposure. Our study quantifies for the first time the environmental and economic consequences of inappropriate monitoring and risk assessment concepts used for the evaluation of short-term peak surface water pollutants such as insecticides.     

一种基于可靠性理论的区域环境质量风险评价模型探讨

首先从理论上研究了用可靠性理论进行区域环境质量风险评价需要解决的几个基本问题,在此基础上,构建了环境污染故障树和区域环境质量风险评价的数学模型.这是一种以概率为基础的、新的区域环境质量风险评价模型,对于研究污染型工业系统的环境质量风险具有重要意义.     

Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticides in a tropical river of an agricultural watershed in northern Thailand

The increasing application of pesticides in the uplands of northern Thailand has increased the transfer of pesticides to surface water. To assess the risk of pesticide use for stream water quality, we monitored the concentrations of seven pesticides (atrazine, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, chlorothalonil, (α-, β-) endosulfan, cypermethrin) frequently used in the Mae Sa watershed (77 km²) in water and sediment samples over a period of one and a half years (2007–2008). All investigated pesticides were recorded in the river. Chlorpyrifos was detected most often in water samples (75 % at the headwater station), while cypermethrin was most often found in riverbed (86 %) and in all suspended sediment samples. The highest concentrations of the pesticides were detected during the rainy season. About 0.002 to 4.1 % by mass of the applied pesticides was lost to surface water. The risk assessment was based on the risk characterization ratio (RCR). The RCRs of dichlorvos in water, (α-, β-) endosulfan, and cypermethrin in water and sediments were higher than unity indicating that they are likely to pose a threat to aquatic ecosystem. Finally, we discuss the role of sampling design on ecotoxicological risk assessment. Our study shows that pesticide contamination of surface waters is an environmental issue in the Mae Sa watershed and that measures need to be undertaken to reduce the loss of pesticides from soil to surface waters.     

水环境生物监测的发展方向与核心技术

水环境生物监测是环境监测的重要内容,它应重点说清环境胁迫的生物效应。简述了总量管理、流域管理、风险管理、生态管理等环境管理对水环境生物监测有迫切需求,应引入＂生态系统健康＂、＂生物完整性＂、＂环境胁迫＂、＂全排水毒性＂等现代环境生物监测的基本概念,建立水环境生物监测技术发展的理论基础,发展生物完整性、综合毒性等监测与评价核心技术;革新现行监测方法体系,建立包括QA/QC、快速方法等支持系统在内的现代水环境生物监测业务化方法体系;创新评价技术体系,建立水环境生态健康评价及综合毒性评价指标体系、基准及分级管理标准,确立水环境质量管理的生物学目标。     

Risk assessment for salmon from water quality changes following timber harvesting

Land use activities may affect surface water quantity and quality. Water quality changes (concentration increases) from land use activities that are above background but below the water quality standard or criteria have always been considered benign. Increased public interest and recent legislation and management regarding threatened, or endangered, salmon populations suggest that environmental influences on these populations need to be reevaluated.As one approach, we developed a risk assessment (toxicity and exposure) for salmon from water quality changes following timber harvesting. Toxicity relationships for nitrate-nitrogen (as an LC₅₀) using chloride, suspended sediment, and exposure were developed from the literature and data from the Alsea Watershed Study in the Oregon Coast Range. These relationships were used to predict the probable risk to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to nitrate-nitrogen exposure.The control or reference catchment, Flynn Creek, had higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, but showed little likelihood of risk to salmon because of lower suspended sediment concentrations. The treated catchment, Needle Branch (harvested 27 years ago), had lower nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and was expected to have less risk to salmon. However, the risk assessment relationship exhibited sensitivity to suspended sediment concentrations. This smaller catchment had higher suspended sediment transport and thus a higher risk of nitrate-nitrogen exposure to salmon. The suspended sediment transport functions were based on post-treatment monitoring (1966–1973) and are not considered to represent the current situation. These findings are not meant to be categorical, but merely illustrative of this risk assessment application.     

浅析“城市环境综合整治定量考核”制度

分析了"城市环境综合整治定量考核"制度在指标设置、考核标准及实施过程中存在的问题,指出其对"城市环境综合整治定量考核"结果的公正性产生了影响。提出在"十二五"城考指标调整中应适当增加环境质量的比重,体现对不同地区、不同级别的城市采取分级管理、分类指导原则,并加强对环保工作的规范化和能力建设的考核,进一步提高城市环境管理水平的对策与建议。     

Linking Hydrogeological and Ecological Tools for an Integrated River Catchment Assessment

Ecological (biological and hydrochemical assessment) and hydrogeological (vulnerability and pollution risk mapping) tools have been combined to assess the ecological quality and hydrogeological vulnerability of an agricultural river basin. In addition, the applicability of the recently developed vulnerability assessment approach (COP method) in the particular environmental conditions was tested by comparing its results with hydroecological assessment tools (i.e., pollution metrics). Five sampling sites were selected and sampled for benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical variables during summer and spring. Overall, sites ranged from moderate to poor ecological quality. The results illustrated that 26% of the study area was of moderate pollution risk, while 65% was classified as of low and very low risk zones. However, the higher elevation zones where calcareous rock formations are encountered presented moderate to high pollution risk that was accredited by the ecological quality assessment. Pollution metrics facilitated from hydrochemical analysis indicated a significant association with groundwater vulnerability, thus validating vulnerability and risk estimations. This study indicated that the particular groundwater pollution risk mapping methodology and the water quality assessment indices can be well combined to provide an integrated evaluation tool at a catchment scale.     

“城考”中水环境质量指标的演替及发展

简述了“九五”-“十一五”期间城市环境综合整治定量考核(简称城考)中城市水环境功能区水质达标率指标的定义、内涵,监测指标内容及分类、指标权重及评价标准等因素的变化规律.指出,应重视环境质量指标选择与当前环境污染现状的衔接,补充重金属等环境优先污染物指标为水环境质量监测评价指标.提出了新的筛选原则和指标设计思路.     

The role of Health Impact Assessment in the setting of air quality standards: An Australian perspective

The approaches used for setting or reviewing air quality standards vary from country to country. The purpose of this research was to consider the potential to improve decision-making through integration of HIA into the processes to review and set air quality standards used in Australia.To assess the value of HIA in this policy process, its strengths and weaknesses were evaluated aligned with review of international processes for setting air quality standards.Air quality standard setting programmes elsewhere have either used HIA or have amalgamated and incorporated factors normally found within HIA frameworks. They clearly demonstrate the value of a formalised HIA process for setting air quality standards in Australia.The following elements should be taken into consideration when using HIA in standard setting. (a) The adequacy of a mainly technical approach in current standard setting procedures to consider social determinants of health. (b) The importance of risk assessment criteria and information within the HIA process. The assessment of risk should consider equity, the distribution of variations in air quality in different locations and the potential impacts on health. (c) The uncertainties in extrapolating evidence from one population to another or to subpopulations, especially the more vulnerable, due to differing environmental factors and population variables. (d) The significance of communication with all potential stakeholders on issues associated with the management of air quality.In Australia there is also an opportunity for HIA to be used in conjunction with the NEPM to develop local air quality standard measures. The outcomes of this research indicated that the use of HIA for air quality standard setting at the national and local levels would prove advantageous.