Integrated catchment modeling for nutrient reduction: scenarios showing impacts, potential, and cost of measures

A hydrological-based model (HBV-NP) was applied to a catchment (1900 km2) in the southern part of Sweden. Careful characterization of the present load situation and the potential for improved treatment or reduced soil leaching were analyzed. Several scenarios were modeled to find strategies to reach the Swedish environmental goals of reducing anthropogenic nitrogen load by 30% and phosphorus load by 20%. It was stated that the goals could be reached by different approaches that would affect different polluters and social sectors. However, no single measure was enough by itself. Instead, a combination of measures was necessary to achieve the goals. The nitrogen goal was the most difficult to attain. In order to be cost-effective, these measures should be applied to areas contributing the most to the net loading of the sea. This strategy could reduce the costs by 70%-80% when compared with implementing the measures in the entire catchment. Integrated catchment models may thus be helpful tools for reducing costs in environmental control programs.     

Public participation in water resources management: stakeholder voices on degree, scale, potential, and methods in future water management

The European Water Framework Directive puts strong emphasis on stakeholder and public participation in water management. Several practical questions regarding who should be involved, why, when, and how still remain unanswered. This paper investigates stakeholders' own experiences and views of increased public participation in water management. The article also explores the potential for increasing levels of participation by forming catchment committees with representation from stakeholder groups and through the use of various practical methods for participation. For both these aspects of participation, the views, expectations, and apprehensions of different stakeholder groups involved in nutrient loss management are investigated. Stakeholder opinions were collected by inviting representatives from five stakeholder groups within the R?nne? catchment in southern Sweden to a catchment dialog process.     

Use of modeling to protect,plan, and manage water resources in catchment areas

The degradation of water resources by diffuse pollution, mainly due to nitrate and pesticides, is an important matter for public health. Restoration of the quality of natural water catchments by focusing on their catchment areas is therefore a national priority in France. To consider catchment areas as homogeneous and to expend an equal effort on the entire area inevitably leads to a waste of time and money, and restorative actions may not be as efficient as intended. The variability of the pedological and geological properties of the area is actually an opportunity to invest effort on smaller areas, simply because every action is not equally efficient on every kind of pedological or geological surface. Using this approach, it is possible to invest in a few selected zones that will be efficient in terms of environmental results. The contributive hydraulic areas (CHA) concept is different from that of the catchment area. Because the transport of most of the mobile and persistent pollutants is primarily driven by water circulation, the concept of the CHA is based on the water pathway from the surface of the soil in the catchment area to the well. The method uses a three-dimensional hydrogeological model of surface and groundwater integrated with a geographic information system called Watermodel. The model calculates the contribution (m³/h or %) of each point of the soil to the total flow pumped in a well. Application of this model, partially funded by the Seine Normandy Basin Agency, to the catchment of the Dormelles Well in the Cretaceous chalk aquifer in the Orvanne valley, France (catchment area of 23,000 ha at Dormelles, county 77), shows that 95 % of the water pumped at the Dormelles Well comes from only 26 % of the total surface area of the catchment. Consequently, an action plan to protect the water resource will be targeted at the 93 farmers operating in this source area rather than the total number of farmers (250) across the entire 23,000 ha. Another model, developed from Epiclès© software, permits the calculation of the under-root nitrate concentrations for each field based on soil type, climate, and farming practices. When the Watermodel and Epiclès© are coupled, nitrate transfers from the soil to the catchment and the river can be modeled. In this study, the initial pollution due to the actual farming practices was simulated and we were also able to estimate the efficiency of the agronomic action plan by testing several scenarios and calculating the time needed to reach the target nitrate concentration in the well.     

城市面源污染治理中的公众参与现状与对策探讨

中国的城市面源污染控制在工程措施与管理制度方面均起步较晚,污染造成的危害日渐严重.结合对某城市居民进行的城市面源污染的认知和参与意识的问卷调查结果,分析了目前中国城市面源污染控制中公众参与的现状和存在的问题,公众意识薄弱、政府的参与机制不健全是导致城市面源污染控制水平低下的重要原因.为此,有关部门要提高宣传教育的效率,...     

鱼类、底栖动物和水生植物的不同组合对水质净化效果的原位围隔实验

在野外原位围隔模拟条件下,研究了鱼类、底栖动物和水生植物的不同组合对富营养化水体的净化效果。研究结果表明：鲢鳙鱼比例对水质有较大影响,当鲢鱼（Hypophthalmichthys molitix）与鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）的比例为3：1时,TN和NH3-N的去除率分别为69.26%和66.39%,4：1时,NO3-N的去除率可达73.65%;当鲢鱼与鳙鱼的比例为5：1时,TP和PO43-的去除率可达66.73%;鲴鱼（Plagiognathops Microlepis Bleeker）对水体中磷元素的去除效果显著,TP和PO43-的去除率可分别提高13.89%和7.91%,但不利于氮的去除;150 g·m-2密度螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）和蚌（Hyriopsis cumingii）的投加对TN的去除率可达72.60%,但对其他营养盐的削减效果不佳;水生植物蕹菜实验组与无植物组相比TN去除率提升6.83%,NH3-N提升6.44%,NO3-N提升12.14%,效果优于菱,但却不利于磷的去除。实验结果可为水生生态系统调控和修复提供科学依据。     

城市湿地景观水体富营养化评价、机理及治理

针对再生水回用的景观水体容易发生富营养化的问题,分别以再生水和径流雨水为主要补水水源的某城市湿地不同区域景观水体为研究对象,通过水体TN、TP、COD、SS、Chla、DO等水质指标检测分析,研究了污染物的空间变化和季节变化规律,评价了湿地水体富营养化程度并探讨其机理。结果表明,以再生水为主要补水水源的湿地水体全部呈现中度富营养,而以径流雨水为主要补水水源的湿地水体则整体呈现中营养。湿地生态系统对再生水输入的高浓度氮磷污染物有一定的净化效果,但净化效率有限且受季节因素影响明显,藻类的季节性增殖引起水体中TN、TP浓度降低、SS降低、透明度下降和COD浓度升高,高浓度氮磷营养盐输入是湿地水体藻类增殖并呈现富营养化的主要原因。提出了再生水补水的水质和水量控制、景观水体健康生态系统的构建和水体长期的维护管理是综合治理水体富营养化的有效对策。     

Investigating the factors underlying participation by the Chinese public in environmental management: an approach based on spatial heterogeneity

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Public participation in environmental management (PPEM) in China has become increasingly prominent; thus, investigating the factors that underlie...     

Legal prerequisites for ecosystem-based management in the Baltic Sea area: The example of eutrophication

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of law in the management of the Baltic Sea, with focus on eutrophication. It aims to identify legal instruments or structures realizing an ecosystem approach. This also includes a discussion of the prerequisites of law as contributor to ecosystem-based management (EBM), as well as evaluation of current legal instruments. While ecosystem approach to environmental management is central to contemporary environmental management policy, it is still unclear what such an approach entails in concrete legal terms. The scope of the analysis stretches from international and EU legal regimes, to implementation and regulation within the national legal systems. A conclusion is that the management structures need further development to properly realize EBM, for example, through concretization of management measures, and clarification of duties and responsibilities for their realization.     

Integrated waste management in a zone of northern Italy: compost production and use, and analytical control of compost, soil, and crop

Agricultural soils of two Italian maize farms were treated for five years with an industrially produced high-quality compost. Cattle manure and the usual mineral fertilizer were used for comparison purposes. The effects of the organic and mineral fertilizer treatments were studied by analyzing the compost and manure, cultured soils, and harvested material. The grain yield was also determined. Organic fertilization improved soil pH, CEC, content of organic matter and NPK. Soil respiration and N mineralization were found to be higher than in the purely mineral-treated soil. Plant K take-up was improved, whereas grain yield was not affected. It was confirmed that organic fertilization, particularly compost use, maintained and increased soil fertility. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using in loco analytical facilities to follow the entire recycling process-from waste to compost production-and the use of the final product in the field.     

Review of characterization,factors, impacts,and solutions of Lake eutrophication: lesson for lake Tana,Ethiopia

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Lake eutrophication and water quality deterioration have become a major environmental problem in urban areas and fertilized basins in developing...     

Interaction between environmental policy instruments: carbon emissions trading and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

As the number of environmental policy instruments grows, so the potential for interaction between different instruments increases. This interaction can be detrimental or beneficial. To avoid conflict, it is essential that the potential for interaction be assessed during the formulation of new policy instruments. This paper illustrates this through an analysis of how the European Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control might interact with future schemes for carbon emissions trading. Both instruments encourage industrial energy efficiency, but in fundamentally different ways. This is demonstrated through a detailed comparison of the two policy instruments, followed by the development of three implementation scenarios for IPPC, in which the interaction with potential carbon trading schemes is assessed. The paper concludes that the interpretation of the IPPC energy efficiency requirements could either constrain or facilitate the participation of regulated installations in any carbon trading scheme.     

Emission inventory and control policy for non-road construction machinery in Tianjin

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The establishment of a non-road construction machinery emission inventory forms the basis for the analysis of pollutant emission characteristics and...     

Effect of eutrophication upon radionuclide dynamics in the Sacca di Goro lagoon (Po River Delta,Italy): a combined field,experimental and modeling study

The focus of this paper is on the relationship between eutrophication and radionuclide circulation at the whole ecosystem scale in the shallow estuarine environment of the Sacca di Goro (Po River Delta, Italy). This lagoon is frequently affected by dystrophic crises, due to decomposition of huge amounts of macroalgae (mainly Ulva rigida), and critical conditions created at the interface between sediment and water are such that Cs-137 accumulated in the sediment can be mobilized and made available in the water column. The release of cesium from sediment in this ecosystem has been evaluated through a field experiment in which chemical conditions typical of anoxic crises were artificially created in enclosures. Also a lab experiment was carried out to shed light on possible cesium release by decomposing macroalgae. The two experiments allowed drawing conclusions on crucial factors controlling cesium release in the Sacca di Goro, the first objective of this research. The second objective was understanding the fate of radiocesium once transported in the water column. To this end ecological information gathered during the experiments and a yearly sampling campaign, has been converted into whole-system seasonal networks describing ecosystem flow structure for the Sacca di Goro. Analyzed by network analysis this model has provided clues about the dynamics of Cs-137 in terms of preferential pathways, sinks, sources, and cycling activity. Sediment, together with seston and dissolved cesium, appear to be the most significant components in the circulation of Cs-137; while macroalgal biomasses play a crucial role as an indirect causal factor.     

Correction to: Increasing water productivity,nitrogen economy,and grain yield of rice by water saving irrigation and fertilizer-N management

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The original publication of this paper contains a mistake.     

Reducing the risk of invasive forest pests and pathogens: Combining legislation,targeted management and public awareness

Intensifying global trade will result in increased numbers of plant pest and pathogen species inadvertently being transported along with cargo. This paper examines current mechanisms for prevention and management of potential introductions of forest insect pests and pathogens in the European Union (EU). Current European legislation has not been found sufficient in preventing invasion, establishment and spread of pest and pathogen species within the EU. Costs associated with future invasions are difficult to estimate but past invasions have led to negative economic impacts in the invaded country. The challenge is combining free trade and free movement of products (within the EU) with protection against invasive pests and pathogens. Public awareness may mobilise the public for prevention and detection of potential invasions and, simultaneously, increase support for eradication and control measures. We recommend focus on commodities in addition to pathways, an approach within the EU using a centralised response unit and, critically, to engage the general public in the battle against establishment and spread of these harmful pests and pathogens.     

Public participation in municipal planning as a tool for coastal management: case studies from western Sweden

This article analyses four main models of participation in Swedish natural resource management and assesses strengths and weaknesses of one model (participation in physical/spatial planning) based on empirical studies of coastal resource conflicts in two Swedish west coast municipalities. In comparison to other administrative and planning procedures, physical planning offers possibilities to coordinate land and water management across sectors and resources and to broaden stakeholder participation. Local influence on coastal management increases with participation beyond the statutory minimum requirements, although management frameworks and practice of participation need to be developed further. Besides educating professionals and experimenting with combinations of existing procedures, in the long run an adaptation of legislation to the requirements of integrated and sustainable coastal management will be necessary.