中国环境污染致健康损害赔偿情况研究

在环境污染致人体健康损害问题日益突出的形势下,健康损害赔偿立法显得尤为迫切.该文通过分析环境污染健康损害案例的特点、中国目前环境污染致人身健康损害案例赔偿情况现状及环境污染健康损害赔偿内容及其标准、赔偿过程存在的难点等,提出了完善环境污染健康损害赔偿方面的建议,包括建立环境健康法规体系、建立环境污染导致健康损害专门鉴定机构及制度、保证赔偿金来源等,为新形势下环境污染导致健康损害赔偿立法提供参考.     

Mechanical analysis of infant carrying in hominoids

In all higher nonhuman primates, species survival depends upon safe carrying of infants clinging to body hair of adults. In this work, measurements of mechanical properties of ape hair (gibbon, orangutan, and gorilla) are presented, focusing on constraints for safe infant carrying. Results of hair tensile properties are shown to be species-dependent. Analysis of the mechanics of the mounting position, typical of heavier infant carrying among African apes, shows that both clinging and friction are necessary to carry heavy infants. As a consequence, a required relationship between infant weight, hair-hair friction coefficient, and body angle exists. The hair-hair friction coefficient is measured using natural ape skin samples, and dependence on load and humidity is analyzed. Numerical evaluation of the equilibrium constraint is in agreement with the knuckle-walking quadruped position of African apes. Bipedality is clearly incompatible with the usual clinging and mounting pattern of infant carrying, requiring a revision of models of hominization in relation to the divergence between apes and hominins. These results suggest that safe carrying of heavy infants justify the emergence of biped form of locomotion. Ways to test this possibility are foreseen here.     

Growth responses of Picea mongolica seedlings to defoliation rate

Picea mongolica W. D. Xu. is an endemic species in China. The spruce forest is only found in semi-arid habitat in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Based on the simulative defoliation experiment, it was proved that Picea mongolica seedlings had the compensatory and overcompensatory effects under the certain defoliation rate. The results of variance analysis on growth indexes showed that in PM I (natural regeneration seedlings under Picea mongolica forest), the differences of H1 (height in June 23 ) and H2 (height in September 3) were extremely significant, and the difference of D(diameter at the breast height) were not significant. In PM Ⅱ (artificial regeneration seedlings under Betula platyphylla Suk. forest), the difference of H1 was significant, the difference of H2 was not significant, and the difference of D was extremely significant. The regression equations were established and the compensatory and overcompensatory points were obtained. In PM I, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D were 0.7628, 0.7436, 0.5725, and the overcompensatory points were 0.6056, 0.5802 and 0.2909 respectively. In PM Ⅱ, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D are 0.5012, 0.3421, 0.2488, and the overcompensatory points are 0.4137, 0.2633 and 0.0747 respectively. These results suggested that the induction of compensatory growth mechanisms in spruce seedlings required a threshold level of defoliation, and the insects in Picea mongolica forest could be controlled in a certain de clree.     

以TEOS为硅源的聚硅氯化铝中铝及硅形态分布

以正硅酸乙酯 (TEOS)为硅源 ,合成了新型的聚硅氯化铝 (PASC) ,利用Al Ferron逐时络合比色法和Si Mo逐时络合比色法分别研究了其Al形态及Si形态分布 ,并与常规方法 (以硅酸钠为硅源 )合成的聚硅氯化铝做了比较 .实验结果表明 ,新方法合成的PASC具有铝硅分布均匀 ,分子量较大 ,产品重现性好的优点 .两种方法合成的PASC具有相同的Al形态分布规律 ,即高分子量Al形态含量随B值 (碱化度 )和Si Al摩尔比的增大而增加 ,Al形态随Si Al摩尔比的变化程度随B值的增大而增大 .另外通过新方法发现 ,Si形态分布也具有规律性并和Al形态具有相似的分布特征 ,但Si形态随Si Al摩尔比的变化程度随B值的增大而减小 .     

电凝聚臭氧化耦合工艺混凝剂水解形态分析 ——基于单/双电极排布

探究了不同初始pH值和不同电极布置条件下电凝聚臭氧化耦合工艺(E-HOC)中混凝剂的水解形态特征,同时进行了效能分析.结果表明,初始pH值为5时,E-HOC工艺具有更高的有机物去除效率,与单极排布的E-HOC工艺相比,双极排布的E-HOC工艺的有机物去除效率提高了12.29％,能耗降低了1.74kWh/g,法拉第效率提...     

Radio-telemetric evidence of migration in the gregarious but not the solitary morph of the Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

 The Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex, is one of just a few species of katydids (or bushcrickets, Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) that, like migratory locusts, appear to have solitary and migratory morphs. Using radio telemetry we studied movements of individuals of two morphs of this flightless species. Individuals within each migratory band had similar rates of movements along similar directional headings whereas solitary individuals moved little and showed little evidence of directionality in movement. Our results also add to other recent radio-telemetry studies showing that flightless insects of 1–2 g in mass can be tracked successfully using these methods. Received: 28 February 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 19 June 2000     

A Myanmar amber cockroach with protruding feces contains pollen and a rich microcenosis

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms responsible for maintenance of host-specific gentes in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Some of them expect that when adult cuckoos return to lay their eggs to their natal site (natal philopatry hypothesis) or habitat in which they were reared (habitat-imprinting hypothesis), there is a higher probability of finding nests of the host species by which they were reared. Since published evidence is ambiguous, we here evaluate the natal philopatry and habitat-imprinting hypotheses using information on habitat homogeneity and cross-continental long-term ringing data. We found no evidence for the natal philopatry hypothesis—instead of returning to their natal site, juvenile cuckoos exhibited longer dispersal movements than adults, and the difference was even larger in comparison with a wide array of cuckoo host species. On the contrary, we found support for the habitat-imprinting hypothesis—juvenile cuckoos followed similar levels of natal habitat homogeneity at 5- and 25-km scale when returning to breed in the next years. Our results suggest that preference for the particular habitat structures may help cuckoos to find appropriate hosts.

     

Social media and scientific research are complementary—YouTube and shrikes as a case study

Fascination with animals and their behaviour is one the most prominent patterns persisting in all human cultures. During the last decades, however, technological development and public access to the Internet have increased the speed and the extent of information sharing at an unprecedented rate, in some cases even challenging the traditional methods used in science. In order to understand the extent of this influence, we focused on the behaviour of shrikes. Shrikes are an enigmatic group of songbirds with a unique behaviour of impaling prey. We employed an extensive Internet search on YouTube (YT), a very popular and increasingly important source of information worldwide, for videos recording shrikes. Our analyses revealed that the number of shrike videos on YT is strongly positively correlated with classical knowledge on shrikes from books and scientific articles. Our results also suggest that in some cases YT may provide an alternative source of information on shrike ecology and behaviour. YT videos may thus provide new insights into the study of certain species or subjects and help identify gaps in ecological studies, especially in poorly studied species.     

Miniaturization,genome size and the origin of functional constraints in the visual system of salamanders

During their evolution, many species of lungless salamanders (fam. Plethodontidae) have experienced a great increase in genome size and consequently in the size of their cells, including sensory receptors and neurons. In addition, some have become extremely miniaturized. The consequences of these events and the morphological compensatory processes are studied in the visual system of juvenile and adult salamanders.     

Disentangling the effects of local and regional factors on the thermal tolerance of freshwater crustaceans

In the global warming context, we compared the thermal tolerance of several populations of the crustacean Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) along a latitudinal thermal gradient in the Rh?ne Valley. To disentangle the effect of regional (North vs. South) and local (site-specific) factors, the ecophysiological responses of populations were investigated at two levels of biological organisation: whole organism level considering body size [critical thermal maximum (CTmax), mean speed of locomotion (MS), time mobile (TM)] and organelle function level [mitochondrial respiratory control ratios (RCRs)]. CTmax and RCRs, but not MS and TM, revealed a significantly higher thermal tolerance in southern populations compared to northern ones. Nevertheless, temperatures ≥ 30°C were deleterious for all populations, suggesting that populations located in the warmer limit of the species distribution will be more threatened by climate change as they live closer to their upper thermal limits. The strong differences observed between populations indicate that the species-level thermal tolerance used in predictive models may not be informative enough to study the impact of global warming on species distributions. This work also reveals that an appropriate choice of indicators is essential to study the consequences of global warming since the response of organisms at the whole body level can be influenced by local conditions.     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride：The role of hydrolyzed Fe（Ⅲ） and silica interaction

The highly e cient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These e ects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation e ciency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coagulation/flocculation e ciency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping, adsorption bridging mechanism.     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride: The role of hydrolyzed Fe(Ⅲ) and silica interaction

The highly efficient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These effects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation efficiency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coaguiation/fiocculation efficiency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping,adsorption bridging mechanism.     

Radarsat observations and forecasting of oil slick trajectory movements

RADARSAT data have a potential role for coastal pollution monitoring. This study presents a new approach to detect and forecast oil slick trajectory movements. The oil slick trajectory movements is based on the tidal current effects and Fay‘s algorithm for oil slick spreading mechanisms. The oil spill trajectory model contains the integration between Doppler frequency shift model and Lagrangian model. Doppler frequency shift model implemented to simulate tidal current pattem from RADARSAT data while the Lagrangian model used to predict oil spill spreading pattern. The classical Fay‘s algorithm was implemented with the two models to simulate the oil spill trajectory movements. The study shows that the slick lengths are effected by tidal current V component with maximum velocity of 1.4 m/s. This indicates that oil slick trajectory path is moved towards the north direction. The oil slick parcels are accumulated along the coastline after 48 h. The analysis indicated that tidal current V components were the dominant forcing for oil slick spreading.     

环境污染健康损害补偿办法探究——以中国现行人身损害赔偿法为借鉴

随着社会经济的迅猛发展,环境污染问题日益加重,由此造成的居民健康损害事件和案件逐年增多,但缺乏有效的解决途径和办法。环境污染健康损害作为一种新型的人身损害,有其自身的特点,因此需要针对其特殊性制定合理、有效的环境污染健康损害补偿办法,来保护和救济环境污染健康损害受害人,以维护社会安定团结和人民健康幸福。文章通过分析中国现行人身损害赔偿法律法规中赔偿项目、标准及计算方法,以求对制定环境污染健康损害补偿办法有所启示。     

稀酸预处理铜藻制备生物乙醇工艺

选取暖温带海洋生态环境生物修复的首选物种——铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为原料进行生物乙醇的制备,以稀硫酸水解后的还原糖收率为响应值,考察水解温度、液固比、水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)等参数对水解效率的影响. 为优化稀酸水解铜藻预处理的工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计法和响应面分析法,建立稀酸预处理工艺参数的回归模型,并与酶水解及发酵相结合验证了铜藻稀酸预处理效果. 结果表明:①稀酸水解铜藻的最优工艺参数. 水解温度为120 ℃,液固比为20∶1,水解时间为2.00 h,w(H₂SO₄)为4.50%. ②稀酸水解铜藻过程中各影响因素之间存在交互作用,水解时间和w(H₂SO₄)的非线性作用显著. ③对经最佳稀酸预处理工艺处理后的铜藻粉进行酶水解,其还原糖收率为44.05%,是未预处理下的8.14倍,并且后续进行发酵后,乙醇产率达7.80%,是未预处理下的2.00倍. 表明铜藻是一种潜在的生物乙醇原料,稀酸预处理方法对铜藻生物乙醇的制备行之有效.      

滇池湖滨带生态湿地建设中的土地利用问题探析

随着城市建设不断地向湖滨区扩展,滇池原有的湖滨带被大量用于建设各类建筑物,原有的湖滨带几乎失之殆尽,为保护及修复滇池湖滨完整的生态系统,实施湖滨生态湿地建设工程显得尤为重要,而征地工作难度很大,甚至成为制约湖滨生态带建设工程顺利实施的关键因素之一。本文指出征地工作难度大的主要原因是缺乏征地拆迁补偿标准、拆迁安置费用较高,引起的社会问题复杂等,并提出应采取编制规划控制土地的无序开发、调整农业产业结构、建立新型的征地补偿制度以及妥善安置失地农民等对策措施及建议。     

Evidence of behavioral co-option from context-dependent variation in mandible use in trap-jaw ants (Odontomachus spp.)

Evolutionary co-option of existing structures for new functions is a powerful yet understudied mechanism for generating novelty. Trap-jaw ants of the predatory genus Odontomachus are capable of some of the fastest self-propelled appendage movements ever recorded; their devastating strikes are not only used to disable and capture prey, but produce enough force to launch the ants into the air. We tested four Odontomachus species in a variety of behavioral contexts to examine if their mandibles have been co-opted for an escape mechanism through ballistic propulsion. We found that nest proximity makes no difference in interactions with prey, but that prey size has a strong influence on the suite of behaviors employed by the ants. In trials involving a potential threat (another trap-jaw ant species), vertical jumps were significantly more common in ants acting as intruders than in residents (i.e. a dangerous context), while horizontal jumps occurred at the same rate in both contexts. Additionally, horizontal jump trajectories were heavily influenced by the angle at which the substrate was struck and appear to be under little control by the ant. We conclude that while horizontal jumps may be accidental side-effects of strikes against hard surfaces, vertical escape jumps are likely intentional defensive behaviors that have been co-opted from the original prey-gathering and food-processing functions of Odontomachus jaws.     

长江口及毗邻海域浮游植物的分布与变化

2005年7月(夏季)和11月(秋季)在长江口及毗邻海域(29°30'32°00'N,123°E以西)进行了2个航次的综合调查.2个航次共鉴定浮游植物345种,包括赤潮种类43种,其中,赤潮种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)是该海域绝对的优势种.浮游植物细胞平均丰度7月(5.48×104cells·L-1)低于11月(2.70×105 cells·L-1),而叶绿素a平均浓度7月(2.34 mg·m-3)高于11月(1.32 mg·m-3).多样性指数(H)均值7月(1.51)高于11月(0.86),均匀度(J)均值7月(0.59)也高于11月(0.34).浮游植物的空间分布具有明显的块状区域特征,其季节变化主要受海区的流系特征、季风、营养盐、悬浮物等因素的制约,周日变化主要与潮汐、温盐跃层等密切相关.同时,结合历史监测数据(1996～2005年)分析表明,调查海域浮游植物群落结构已经发生改变.长期氮磷比失衡导致甲藻类在浮游植物群落中所占比例大幅攀升,甲藻类赤潮频繁发生.要改善海域环境现状,相对于控制西部陆源污染物的输入量,控制输入的营养盐比例尤为重要.     

MBR在废水处理中的应用及生物强化研究进展

针对日益严苛的废水排放标准,必须提高废水处理工艺脱氮除磷和对难降解有机物的去除性能。膜生物反应器(MBR)作为膜分离与生物技术有机结合的污水处理技术,具有系统处理效果好、容积负荷高、占地面积小,节省空间等优点。文章梳理了MBR在废水脱氮除磷及难降解有机物处理等方面的应用情况,介绍了MBR各种生物强化技术研究现状,为新型MBR技术的开发提供了支持。