The application of bioassays as indicators of petroleum-contaminated soil remediation

Bioremediation has proven successful in numerous applications to petroleum contaminated soils. However, questions remain as to the efficiency of bioremediation in lowering long-term soil toxicity. In the present study, the bioassays Spirotox, Microtox, Ostracodtoxkit F, umu-test with S-9 activation, and plant assays were applied, and compared to evaluate bioremediation processes in heavily petroleum contaminated soils. Six higher plant species (Secale cereale L., Lactuca sativa L., Zea mays L., Lepidium sativum L., Triticum vulgare L., Brassica oleracea L.) were used for bioassay tests based on seed germination and root elongation. The ecotoxicological analyses were made in DMSO/H2O and DCM/DMSO soil extracts. Soils were tested from two biopiles at the Czechowice oil refinery, Poland, that have been subjected to different bioremediation applications. In biopile 1 the active or engineered bioremediation process lasted four years, while biopile 2 was treated passively or non-engineered for eight months. The test species demonstrated varying sensitivity to soils from both biopiles. The effects on test organisms exposed to biopile 2 soils were several times higher compared to those in biopile 1 soils, which correlated with the soil contaminants concentration. Soil hydrocarbon concentrations indeed decreased an average of 81% in biopile 1, whereas in biopile 2 TPH/TPOC concentrations only decreased by 30% after eight months of bioremediation. The bioassays were presented to be sensitive indicators of soil quality and can be used to evaluate the quality of bioremediated soil. The study encourages the need to combine the bioassays with chemical monitoring for evaluation of the bioremediation effectiveness and assessing of the contaminated/remediated soils.     

Environmental implications of soil remediation using the Fenton process

This work evaluates some collateral effects caused by the application of the Fenton process to 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT) and diesel degradation in soil. While about 80% of the diesel and 75% of the DDT present in the soil were degraded in a slurry system, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the slurry filtrate increased from 80 to 880mgl(-1) after 64h of reaction and the DDT concentration increased from 12 to 50microgl(-1). Experiments of diesel degradation conducted on silica evidenced that soluble compounds were also formed during diesel oxidation. Furthermore, significant increase in metal concentrations was also observed in the slurry filtrate after the Fenton treatment when compared to the control experiment leading to excessive concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu and Mn according to the limits imposed for water. Moreover, 80% of the organic matter naturally present in the soil was degraded and a drastic volatilization of DDT and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene was observed. Despite the high percentages of diesel and DDT degradation in soil, the potential overall benefits of its application must be evaluated beforehand taking into account the metal and target compounds dissolution and the volatilization of contaminants when the process is applied.     

Effect of soil chemical properties on the remediation of phenanthrene-contaminated soil by electrokinetic-Fenton process

The electrokinetic-Fenton (EK-Fenton) remediation of soil contaminated with phenanthrene was studied. Two different soils were chosen to investigate the effects of chemical properties, such as Fe oxide contents and acid soil buffer capacity. The H(2)O(2) concentrations in pore water, the electrical potential distributions and the electrical currents were monitored to assess the electrochemical effect in relation to the soil properties. Hadong caly had high acid buffer capacity, and thus the amount of electroosmotic flow was lager in the experiment with Hadong clay than with EPK kaolin. The major mechanism of phenanthrene removal was a degradation in the experiment with EPK Kaolin, while it was a simple transport away from the system in experiment with Hadong clay. It was mainly because of the lower acid buffering capacity and better H(2)O(2) stability in case with EPK Kaolin than with Hadong clay.     

Effect of different biochars amendment on soil biological indicators in a calcareous soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Previous studies suggest that biochar has potential to benefit soil when used as an amendment, but only few studies have investigated how the...     

基于COMSOL模拟的有机污染土壤ERH修复工艺优化

利用电阻加热(ERH)和土壤气相提取(SVE)耦合技术,针对有机污染土壤,采用COMSOL软件模拟方法对场地加热电极的布置进行优化,以温度为探针,对比物理场种类、电极间距、电极的边界距离、电极个数、耦合物理场边界等因素对土壤温度的影响.结果 表明,在固体传热和电磁热的耦合场下的加热效果比单独物理场更好,40 d后温度可...     

Thermal remediation of PCDD/Fs contaminated soil by zone combustion process

A new thermal process has been proposed for remediating soils contaminated by chlorinated organic compounds, e.g., PCDD/Fs and PCBs. This is to apply the "zone combustion process" which utilizes stable combustion of coke particles in the packed bed to soils with air flow across the bed. The usefulness and validity were obtained the results showing that more than 98.9% of PCDD/Fs in the soil was successfully removed in a laboratory-scale experiment. Some pretreatment of the soil sample, such as drying, pre-granulation and addition of limestone was found to make the removal efficiency better. Although, some fundamentals on the behavior of PCDD/Fs, e.g., decomposition/vaporization ratios and formation of other compounds cannot be certainly identified yet, the present results clearly show a way to remediate the contaminated soils and solid wastes.     

Accelerated remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil with zerovalent iron

High pesticide concentrations in soil from spills or discharges can result in point-source contamination of ground and surface waters. Cost-effective technologies are needed for on-site treatment that meet clean-up goals and restore soil function. Remediation is particularly challenging when a mixture of pesticides is present. Zerovalent iron (Fe0) has been shown to promote reductive dechlorination and nitro group reduction of a wide range of contaminants in soil and water. We employed Fe0 for on-site treatment of soil containing > 1000 mg metolachlor, > 55 mg alachlor, > 64 mg atrazine, > 35 mg pendimethalin, and > 10 mg chlorpyrifos kg(-1). While concentrations were highly variable within the windrowed soil, treatment with 5% (w/w) Fe0 resulted in > 60% destruction of the five pesticides within 90 d and increased to > 90% when 2% (w/w) Al2(SO4)3 was added to the Fe0. GC/MS analysis confirmed dechlorination of metolachlor and alachlor during treatment. Our observations support the use of Fe0 for ex situ treatment of pesticide-contaminated soil.     

Production of hydroxytyrosol rich extract from Olea europaea leaf with enhanced biological activity using immobilized enzyme reactors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As olive leaves constitute the main by-product of the olive oil industry with important environmental and economic impact, there is an increasing...     

高锰酸钾修复PAHs污染土壤过程中Mn迁移转化规律

为探究高锰酸钾氧化修复技术应用过程中Mn元素迁移转化规律及其潜在的环境风险,通过室内模拟实验,采用某焦化厂PAHs污染土壤作为研究材料,探究了高锰酸钾修复技术中不同药剂投加量对PAHs去除、高锰酸钾消耗量、土壤中Mn质量分数、Mn赋存形态分布及有效态Mn质量分数等的影响。结果表明,高锰酸钾氧化处理可有效去除土壤中PAHs;当高锰酸钾投加量为0.20 mmol·g⁻¹、反应时间为1 d时,PAHs去除率最高,可达89.61%。氧化处理过程中,高锰酸钾消耗量和土壤Mn质量分数均与高锰酸钾的投加量有关,随投加量增加而升高。其中,土壤Mn的质量分数与高锰酸钾消耗量呈显著正相关关系。高锰酸钾氧化处理后土壤中Mn主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,所占比例为77.04%~92.17%。土壤经0.05 mmol·g⁻¹高锰酸钾氧化处理后,土壤有效态Mn的质量分数比对照组增加了0.94倍;而在高锰酸钾投加量为0.10~0.40 mmol·g⁻¹的处理条件下,土壤有效态Mn的质量分数下降了77.65%~99.09%。药剂投加量是影响高锰酸钾氧化修复PAHs污染土壤过程中Mn环境行为的关键因子。本研究结果可为高锰酸钾氧化修复技术应用工艺优化提供参考。     

生物制剂法治理藻类水华

在广州市黄埔区某公园池塘进行现场围隔对比实验,通过投加固定化生物催化剂(IBC)治理藻类水华。结果表明,在IBC中细菌的直接或间接杀藻的作用下,水体中的藻类生物量迅速降低,叶绿素a去除率达到81.5%;微生物的快速生长及酶和酶活因子的协同作用下,水中污染物被快速降解,使水体中的总氮、氨氮和COD的浓度快速下降,去除率分别达到81.9%、80.3%和65.3%,并维持在低水平,进一步抑制了藻类水华的形成和发展,加快水体的净化。     

PAHs污染土壤的热修复可行性

以某煤制气厂污染场地中16种US EPA优先控制多环芳烃（Σ16 PAHs）为目标污染物进行了热修复批量实验和可行性实验。热修复批量实验结果表明,当热修复温度为400 ℃、加热时间为8 h时,土壤中的Σ16 PAHs去除率达99.9%。热修复可行性实验选择重污染、中污染和轻污染土壤以400 ℃作为目标温度,恒温72 h进行实验。热修复前后不同程度污染土壤的Σ16 PAHs的总去除率均可达到99.9%,但重污染土壤浓度非常高,部分苯并类物质未达到修复目标值,需进一步延长加热时间或提高加热温度保证达到修复目标值。土壤土工参数影响分析结果表明,热修复后土壤颗粒粒径呈增大趋势,土壤稳定性、抗压强度均增强。此外,土壤中可溶性盐含量增多,盐渍化程度增大。     

用驯化的活性污泥强化修复氯酚污染土壤的试验

以接种驯化的活性污泥为生物强化手段,通过摇瓶反应模拟生物泥浆反应器的运行,研究了受氯酚污染土壤的修复特性。结果表明,接种驯化的活性污泥可以大大加快邻氯苯酚（2-CP）的降解速率,对2-CP初始污染浓度为500 mg/kg干土的土壤,接种1%活性污泥 （w∶w）后反应11 h降解率即可达到96.4%。最适的反应条件为：活性污泥接种量1%,水土比2∶1,温度25 ℃,摇床转速200 r/min。2-CP的降解符合表观一级动力学方程;且当初始浓度为50～500 mg/kg干土时,2-CP降解速率常数随着初始浓度的增大而减小。     

土壤修复的热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺研究进展

污染土壤热脱附修复后,尾气处理是不可忽视的重要环节。论述了热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺的总体概况,探讨了污染物、土壤性质和处理工艺等对尾气处理工艺的影响,总结了针对4类污染物的典型热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺,并对催化氧化、非热等离子体、高能电晕等新兴模块进行了简介。最后提出了热脱附技术特征尾气模块化处理工艺的问题和研究展望。     

响应曲面法优化微波修复二甲苯污染土壤工艺参数

目前土壤污染问题得到越来越多的关注,污染土壤修复技术的研究更加受到重视。通过单因素和响应曲面法优化实验,研究了含水率、处理量、辐照时间和微波功率对二甲苯去除效果的影响,并且对不同敏化剂的作用进行了实验研究。结果表明,微波功率、辐照时间和含水率对二甲苯的去除率均有显著影响。模型优化结果显示,微波修复二甲苯污染土壤的最佳工艺参数为:微波功率530W,辐照时间3.4min,含水率32%,去除率可达到79.75%,实验验证结果与预测值之间相对误差为1.89%。活性炭在反应过程中主要起吸附作用,粉煤灰的添加对二甲苯的去除有非常显著的作用,去除率最高可达到98.42%。     

Electrokinetic remediation of organochlorines in soil: enhancement techniques and integration with other remediation technologies

Electrokinetic remediation has been increasingly used in soils and other matrices for numerous contaminants such as inorganic, organic, radionuclides, explosives and their mixtures. Several strategies were tested to improve this technology effectiveness, namely techniques to solubilize contaminants, control soil pH and also couple electrokinetics with other remediation technologies. This review focus in the experimental work carried out in organochlorines soil electroremediation, aiming to systemize useful information to researchers in this field. It is not possible to clearly state what technique is the best, since experimental approaches and targeted contaminants are different. Further research is needed in the application of some of the reviewed techniques. Also a number of technical and environmental issues will require evaluation for full-scale application. Removal efficiencies reported in real contaminated soils are much lower than the ones obtained with spiked kaolinite, showing the influence of other factors like aging of the contamination and adsorption to soil particles, resulting in important challenges when transferring technologies into the field.     

Solid/solution Cu fractionations/speciation of a Cu contaminated soil after pilot-scale electrokinetic remediation and their relationships with soil microbial and enzyme activities

The aim of this study was to investigate the detailed metal speciation/fractionations of a Cu contaminated soil before and after electrokinetic remediation as well as their relationships with the soil microbial and enzyme activities. Significant changes in the exchangeable and adsorbed-Cu fractionations occurred after electrokinetic treatment, while labile soil Cu in the solution had a tendency to decrease from the anode to the cathode, and the soil free Cu²⁺ ions were mainly accumulated in the sections close to the cathode. The results of regression analyses revealed that both the soil Cu speciation in solution phase and the Cu fractionations in solid phase could play important roles in the changes of the soil microbial and enzyme activities. Our findings suggest that the bioavailability of soil heavy metals and their ecotoxicological effects on the soil biota before and after electroremediation can be better understood in terms of their chemical speciation and fractionations.     

Physicochemical and biological quality of soil in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils as affected by chemical and microbial remediation

Chemical and microbial methods are the main remediation technologies for chromium-contaminated soil. These technologies have progressed rapidly in recent years; however, there is still a lack of methods for evaluating the chemical and biological quality of soil after different remediation technologies have been applied. In this paper, microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria and chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate were used for the remediation of soils contaminated with Cr(VI) at two levels (80 and 1,276 mg kg^?1) through a column leaching experiment. After microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, the average concentration of water-soluble Cr(VI) in the soils was reduced to less than 5.0 mg kg^?1. Soil quality was evaluated based on 11 soil properties and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method, including fuzzy mathematics and correlative analysis. The chemical fertility quality index was improved by one grade using microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, and the biological fertility quality index increased by at least a factor of 6. Chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate, however, resulted in lower levels of available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase. The result showed that microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria was more effective for remedying Cr(VI)-contaminated soils with high pH value than chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate. In addition, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the quality change in chromium-contaminated soils.     

固定化生物活性炭快速启动处理微污染水

通过固定化手段,将筛选出来的优势菌种应用于生物活性炭挂膜过程,形成固定化生物活性炭(IBAC),加速挂膜过程,并用于微污染水的处理。研究结果表明,自然挂膜需要24 d,而采用固定化微生物9 d挂膜完成,对氨氮去除率达到90%,微生物挂膜时间缩短了60%。IBAC表面的微生物数量高于自然挂膜BAC微生物量,并且沿着水流方向微生物量逐渐减少。微生物镜检发现,运行3个月的IBAC表面出现大量菌胶团、轮虫和钟虫等原生和后生动物。IBAC具有较快的启动挂膜性能和较好的微污染水处理效果。     

交换电极法强化电动修复铬污染土壤

pH值是影响污染土壤电动修复的主要因素。为此提出了交换电极法强化电动修复,并对该技术进行了实验研究。实验土壤Cr污染浓度为506.36 mg/kg,工作电压为1 V/cm,结果显示,固定电极方向运行模式下,运行2 d,产生聚焦效应,运行8 d,碱性区Cr(III)残留量和酸性区Cr(VI)残留量较大,分别是97.88 mg/kg和328 mg/kg,总铬去除率为59.04%。采用交换电极法,交换频率为4 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率为70.18%;交换频率为2 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率高达86.10%,土壤中总铬平均含量从506.36 mg/kg降至73.56 mg/kg,达到酸性土壤环境质量一级标准。该技术可控制土壤pH值在中性范围,电流密度高,不添加化学试剂,操作简单。     

Bee pollens as biological indicators: An ecological assessment of pollution in Northern Turkey via ICP-MS and XPS analyses

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, pollens were collected from 25 different locations of Northern Turkey to investigate pollution monitoring. Surface chemistry of pollen...