气相色谱法、气质联用法测定土壤中多氯联苯

采用快速溶剂萃取法提取土壤中的7组多氯联苯Aroclors系列,经弗罗里硅土柱净化,用气相色谱／电子捕获检测器法（GC／ECD）和气质联用法（GC／MS）进行测定。当取样量为20g时。GC／ECD法和GC／MS法的检出限分别为0．28～0．87μg／kg和0．62～1．35μg／kg。两种方法的基体加标回收率在79．6％--103．6％,相对标准偏差〈9．0％。利用该方法分析Aroclor有证土壤标样,结果满意。GC／ECD法的准确度和精密度略优于GC／MS法,因此实际土壤样品Aroclors分析中,建议以GC／ECD的定量结果为准。     

乙氧氟草醚在水和土壤中的残留分析方法研究

研究了用配有ＥＣＤ检测器的气相色谱仪测定水和土壤中乙氧氟草醚的方法。水样用石油醚提取，土样用石油醚／丙酮提取，用浓硫酸酸磺化法净化后测定，方法的最低出浓度水中１μｇ／Ｌ，土壤中为２μｇ／ｋｇ。当乙氧氟草醚加标浓度在５￣５００μｇ／Ｌ范围内时，在水和土壤中的平均回收率为９５．７％￣１０２．０％，变异系数为３．４０％￣６．８５％。     

TTC-脱氢酶还原法测定藻细胞活性的优化与评价

TTC-脱氢酶还原法可用于藻细胞活性的测定,但藻细胞色素会对测定产生影响。实验结果显示,当4mL细胞密度为1．3×10^10个／L的藻样,在提取剂浓度大于60％时,色素在485nm处产生吸光度值迭0．35-0．52,对测定产生较大干扰。采用正已烷进行萃取,可去除部分色素干扰,能将色素产生吸光度值降到0．14-0．32。碱性物质会破坏色素,在乙醇提取剂中加入KOH或NaOH,可将色素产生吸光度值从0．14—0．32降到0．04～0．26,所加碱性物质最佳浓度为0．001M～0．01M,过高浓度会破坏TTC的还原产物三苯基甲腊（TPF）。色素去除的最佳条件是：使用含0．001M～0．01MKOH或NaOH的50％乙醇作为提取剂,提取TPF后,用正已烷进行萃取,色素所致吸光度值可从0．45降至0．04,基本将色素干扰去除。     

防虫蛀织物中有机杀虫剂残留的GC／MS测定

织物试样由丙酮－正己烷混合溶剂浸渍后进行超声提取，提取液经Celite层析柱净化。40℃为转蒸发浓缩、定容，由GC／MS测定试样中的DCB、Naphthalene,PCP及Permethrin含量，本方法适合毛织物中防虫蚊整理剂、防霉剂及驱虫制剂残留的定性量分析，方法在目标化合物的检测限（LOQs)D0.1-0.5Mg/Kg之范围内，平均回收率介于89.2-94.6%之间，相对标准偏差为2.3-8.1%。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取净化(SPE)-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的方法。采用ASE技术对土壤中OCPs进行提取,选用二氯甲烷∶丙酮=1∶1作为萃取溶剂,减少了组分的损失,17种OCPs的提取回收率达71.7%~113.4%。以弗罗里硅土小柱为净化载体,选择不同的淋洗溶剂形成4种方案进行净化试验,结果表明:方案1采用丙酮∶正己烷=1∶1为淋洗溶剂时的净化效果最好,17种OCPs的回收率为71.0%~97.6%,方法的检出限为0.16~0.28μg/kg。利用所建立的方法进行3个水平(0.01 mg/kg、0.02mg/kg、0.05mg/kg)的加标回收试验,结果表明:除了添加水平为0.01mg/kg时异狄氏剂和环氧七氯的回收率较差外,其余OCPs的回收率均达到72.3%~108.2%,相对标准偏差RSD小于15.6%,方法的回收率和相对标准偏差均满足土壤农药残留检测中准确度和精密度的要求。     

超声波法提取土壤样品中1,2,4—三氯苯和GC测定

本方法采用超声波振荡提取，用１０％的丙酮正乙烷混合溶液作为提取剂，对易挥发的１，２，４－三氯苯的分析具有简单，快速，灵敏，可靠，节省试剂的特点，也适用于土壤环境样品氯苯类化合物的测定。     

鸡蛋壳制备乙酸钙冰雪融化剂的研究

以鸡蛋壳为原料，对高温煅烧分解蛋壳、中和法制备乙酸钙(CA)的最佳反应条件进行了研究，试验结果表明：在反应温度为50℃、配料摩尔比为CaO：乙酸=1：2．8、乙酸浓度为15mol／L、石灰乳浓度(以氧化钙计)为1．3mol／L时CA产量最大。产品融冰试验表明：CA在环境温度-10℃以上使用时，其融冰效果较好。     

气相色谱测定鱼肉中有机氯农药的前处理方法的比较

研究了用气相色谱─电子铺俘器法测定鱼肉中有机氯农药的四种不同前处理方法。通过向鱼样中加入三种不同保留时间的有机氯农药（α-六氯苯、狄氏剂、滴滴涕），并测定三种不同浓度（0．01、01、1）（mg／kg）时加标回收率。这四种前处理方法分别是提取法、分离法、S色谱法、和F色谱法。结果显示：用F色谱法作为前处理鱼样能获得较好的回收率（82％～109％），适宜于鱼样中这三种农药的测定．     

有机磷农药的多残留气相色谱分析方法

本文提供了一个简单、快速测定16种有机磷农药的多残留分析方法,样品经丙酮、水混合溶剂提取,加入氯化钠析出丙酮,再加二氯甲烷提取水相中残留的少量有机磷农药,分出有机相,经无水硫酸钠干燥后浓缩,用气相色谱仪测定。经饮用水、土壤、果蔬、谷物、烟草等添加试验,回收率为75.00—105.26％;变异系数为0.61—16.49％;最低检出浓度为1.2×10~(-3)mg/kg。     

阳离子型微乳液一亚硫酸钠光度法测定α-TNT

以阳离子型微乳液ＣＰＣ／正戊醇／正已烷／水为介质，进行了α－ＴＮＴ－Ｎａ２ＳＯ３分光光度法的研究（ε＝３．０６５×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）与以ＣＰＣ为介质（ε＝２．６４４×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）比较，测定灵敏度明显提高，α－ＴＮＴ在０．０５～２０μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律．相对标准偏差０．１９７％．该法成功地应用于污染土壤中及合成水样中α－ＴＮＴ的测定．     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.