不同水型水稻土施氮磷肥效果及施用技术的研究

通过在湖北省几种主要成土母质上对不同水型水稻土施用氮磷肥效果及施用技术的研究．初步明确了氮肥的施用效果为淹育型水稻土＞潴育型水稻土＞潜育型水稻土．磷肥效果与之相反．从土壤养分状况、氮肥和磷肥的当季利用率、土壤微生物、土壤还原性物质含量和水土温度等方面，初步分析了不同水型水稻土氮磷肥效果差异的原因．提出了不同水型水稻土氮磷肥的施用技术．     

宁夏引黄灌区农田土壤酶活性及其空间变异

采集了同一地点不同土地利用方式,及不同地点不同典型土地利用类型下银川平原的灌淤土样品,在分析了土壤基本理化性质的基础上,用奈氏比色法、苯磷酸二钠比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法,分别测定了宁夏引黄灌区农田不同利用方式下土壤的磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性状况,并对土壤酶活性与土壤的基本理化性质的相关性进行了相关分析。结果表明,土地利用方式对三种酶活性有很大的影响。12年果园磷酸酶活性最高,常年旱田脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高,而盐化旱田及常年淹水的稻田,三种酶活性都很低。脲酶活性与土壤全氮之间显著正相关,全磷与三种酶活性都极显著相关,三种酶之间达到显著或极显著正相关关系。表明磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的大小可以敏感地表征宁夏引黄灌区土壤肥力和生产力的高低。     

施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响

采用室内恒温培养研究了施肥对不同农田土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明，在红壤、水稻土和潮土中，土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性大小顺序均为有机肥配施无机肥处理＞单施有机肥处理＞单施无机肥处理，但对脲酶来说，其活性大小顺序为有机肥配施无机肥处理＞单施无机肥处理＞单施有机肥处理。从土壤类型来看，土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤酶活性大小以水稻土最大，潮土次之，红壤最小。３种土壤的微生物量、土壤酶活性在培养的４５～６０ｄ之间分别达到最大值，以后逐渐下降。部分单施无机肥处理的土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性最大值比单施有机肥处理、有机肥配施无机肥处理提前１５ｄ。相关分析表明，有机肥配施无机肥处理及单施有机肥处理，３种土壤的土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶及速效养分呈显著或极显著的相关性；单施无机肥处理中，土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶显著或极显著相关，与部分速效养分相关不显著。     

杀虫双对土壤脲酶影响的研究

通过对土壤脲酶受杀虫双影响的研究．结果表明,杀虫双对不同生态区土壤脲酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,随杀虫双浓度的增加,酶活性持续减小、计算得到了土壤酶活性的生态剂量ＥＤ５０值,获得了北方(?)土和南方红壤污染的;临界浓度为４８９和２４６ｇ/ｋｇ;Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ模型可较好表征酶活性与尿素浓度间的定量关系;土壤脲酶活性和最大表观酶活性均可表征土壤受杀虫双污染程度的大小。     

外源铅对水稻土微生物量、微生物活性及水稻生长的影响

盆栽试验研究了土壤-水稻-铅-微生物相互作用的体系中,外源铅不同处理水平 (CK、100、300、500、700、900 mg·kg-1 ) 对两种水稻土壤微生物生物量碳、氮, 微生物活性, 水稻生理指标及生物量的影响.结果表明:水稻土壤中微生物量碳、氮, 微生物活性及水稻叶绿素与生物量都随铅处理水平的增大而增加,多数指标在300～500 mg·kg-1铅处理时出现峰值,然后随铅水平的增加而降低,它们的转折点受土壤性质(如颗粒组成,有机质含量等)影响.试验范围内,水稻脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性都随铅处理水平的增大而缓慢增加.体系中土壤微生物指标和水稻生理指标的变化存在一定的相关性,其大小也受土壤类型的制约.试验还表明,土壤微生物量氮、脱氢酶活性及水稻过氧化物酶活性是铅处理后更为敏感的生物学指标.     

多金属硫化物矿区不同品种水稻根际土壤酶活的变化

选取酸性矿山废水污灌形成的多重金属污染水稻土,采用多格层根际箱模拟水稻根际环境,研究高镉积累水稻长香谷fOryzasativaL．cv．Choukoukoku）和低镉积累水稻金农丝苗（OryzasativaL．cv．Jinnongsimiao）2个品种水稻生育中后期（分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期、蜡熟期）根际土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征。结果表明：高镉积累水稻比低镉积累水稻各时期根际土壤脲酶活性低,随着生育期的延长,2个品种水稻土壤脲酶活性先降低后升高（分蘖期酶活性最高）,2种水稻土壤脲酶活性均在根际s0层达到最高,但其他各层土壤脲酶活性与根系距离无显著关系。随着水稻生育期的延长,高镉积累水稻根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性先升高（在孕穗期酶活性达最高）,随后降低;低镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性则在分蘖期最高,之后逐渐降低。除分蘖期高镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性低于低镉积累水稻酶活性外,其他2个时期前者酸性磷酸酶酶活性均高于后者的酶活。2个品种水稻土壤过氧化氢酶活性随生育期延长不断升高,在整个生育后期,高镉吸收水稻比低镉吸收水稻各时期土壤过氧化氢酶活性高,但在蜡熟期时两者无显著差异;在各时期2种水稻过氧化氢酶活性在根系S0层达到最大,随着与水稻根系距离的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势。可见,在多重金属污染矿区,土壤酶活性明显受水稻品种、水稻生长时期和水稻根系的影响。该结果可以为研究多重金属污染矿区分析土壤酶活性与不同重金属积累程度的水稻品种作物相关关系提供数据支持,给农业生产及土壤修复提供依据。     

长期施肥对水稻土酶活性及理化特性的影响

为了明确不同施肥种类对水稻土土壤肥力与酶活性的影响,以30年（1981年至今）长期定位试验地为基础,研究不同施肥处理（CK,N,P,K,NPK,2倍NPK,NPK＋猪粪）水稻田耕层（0-20cm）土壤酶活性与养分的变化趋势及其相关性。结果表明：1）施P（配施或单施）增加土壤全P、速效P含量,平衡施肥配施有机肥（NPK＋猪粪处理）土壤的有机质、全P、速效P、全N、速效N均显著增加,所有施肥处理间pH值差异均不显著;2）除了NPK处理土壤脲酶活性最高外,平衡施肥配施有机肥土壤转化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性均较其他处理显著增加;3）酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤全P量呈负相关,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶与全N、有机质、速效N、速效P呈显著或极显著正相关;因此,水田土壤长期平衡施肥配施有机肥,能显著提高土壤肥力,增加土壤酶活性,有益于土壤生产力的持续提高。     

覆草旱作对晚稻田土壤氮素肥力的影响

在南方季节性丘陵干旱区通过田间定位试验研究了覆草旱作、裸地旱作和常规水作三种水稻栽培措施对双季稻轮作系统下晚稻田土壤氮素肥力的影响.结果表明,与裸地旱作和常规水作相比,覆草旱作处理显著提高晚稻移栽前和成熟期土壤碱解氮和矿质氮含量.在晚稻生育期,覆草旱作和裸地旱作稻田土壤无机氮以硝态氮为主.与裸地旱作相比,覆草旱作和常规水作处理显著提高晚稻成熟期土壤可矿化氮含量.与裸地旱作和常规水作相比,覆草旱作处理显著提高晚稻抽穗期和成熟期土壤微生物量氮含量和土壤脲酶活性.     

人为干扰对新疆甘家湖湿地边缘带土壤酶活性的影响

选择甘家湖湿地边缘带受人类干扰较明显的区域,通过实验分析人为垦荒、放牧、旅游方式对湿地边缘带土壤酶活性影响,结果表明:开垦的棉田耕地与基本无人开垦的梭梭灌木林地、盐化草甸土地、放牧区与无放牧区、人车践踏区与基本无人车践踏区进行对比,认为人类活动对土壤的脲酶、过氧化氧酶、酶蔗糖酶活性都有一定的影响,特别是降低了脲酶活性,而土壤中蛋白酶的酶活性受到人为影响变化幅度小.与梭梭灌木林地、盐化草甸土相比,棉田耕地表层土(0～5 cm)四种酶中过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性都较高,棉田耕地土壤酶活性垂直变化不明显.与无放牧区相比,放牧区对土壤的脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性影响比较显著,使得表层土壤酶活性明显降低,而土壤中蛋白酶的酶活性受到放牧的影响变化幅度小.与无人践踏区相比,践踏对土壤表层的过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性影响显著,特别脲酶活性降幅显著;在垂直方向上,人为践踏使得土壤的脲酶、过氧化氢酶酶活性有较明显的增加.说明甘家湖湿地边缘带土壤酶活性受人为干扰有一定的影响.     

土壤中草甘膦与镉的交互作用对3种土壤酶活性的影响

研究了两种土壤中草甘膦与镉交互作用对土壤三种酶活性的影响．结果发现,低浓度镉略促进乌栅土中的脲酶活性,而高浓度镉则显著抑制了其脲酶活性,当与草甘膦共存时,草甘膦的存在增强了镉对脲酶活性的抑制作用; 镉对红壤中脲酶活性的影响较小,而草甘膦单一或与Cd共存时均显著抑制了红壤中脲酶的活性．镉抑制了乌栅土中酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,而草甘膦的存在增加了镉的毒性,两者表现为协同作用;低浓度镉促进了红壤酸性磷酸酶活性,而高浓度镉则抑制了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,草甘膦的存在降低了红壤中镉的毒性,两者表现为颉颃作用．镉对红壤中碱性磷酸酶的活性影响较小．     

Efficacy of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on enzyme activity and soil quality in rice paddy

Addition of plant residue into soils improves soil physiochemical properties and its fertility. Rapeseed residue is an emerging N source to paddy soils via rice-rape double-cropping practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on chemical changes and enzyme activity in the rice paddy soil. The powdered eggshells at 0, 1, 3, and 5% were applied once to 7.0 kg paddy repacked soils in each pot treated with the rapeseed residue or the conventional N, P, and K fertilisers. Eight rice seedlings (Oriza sativa L. cv. Ilmibyeo) (40 days after sowing) were transplanted to the treated each pot. The contents of total C (TC) and N (TN), and organic matter (OM) were significantly increased in soils treated with the rapeseed residue compared to the N, P, and K fertilisers. With the addition of eggshell containing ～92% CaCO₃, a considerable increase of soil pH was observed in soils treated with the rapeseed residue and the N, P, and K fertilisers, compared to the untreated soil. Activities of β-glucosidase, urease, and arylsulfatase enzymes were higher in soils treated with the rapeseed residue than soils treated with the N, P, and K fertilisers. The eggshell additions at 1, 3, and 5% into soils treated with the rapeseed residue increased enzyme activity mainly resulting from N mineralisation, whereas no change in enzyme activity was observed in the soils treated with the NPK fertiliser. The combined use of the rapeseed residue and the eggshells can be beneficial to improve soil environment.     

典范相关分析在桉树人工林地土壤酶活性与营养元素关系研究中的应用

运用典范相关分析（canonical correlation analysis)对桉树人工林地土壤酶活性和土壤营养元素含量关系的研究表明,土壤过氧化氢酶,脲酶和蛋白酶活性与土壤营养元素N,P,K含量关系最大,其中地氧化氢酶与桉树土壤K听转化,K的固定关系密切,对土壤中主要营养物质N素的转化具有重要作用,脲酶的活性同桉树土壤N,P的转化关系密切,蛋白酶促进土壤对植物氮源的供给,而转化酶与P的转化也有一定相关,Zn在一定程度上对转化酶有正效庆,即有促进作用。结合林地生物的生长特征等因子,“综合土壤酶因子”可作为土壤肥力评价的一个生物学指标。图2表4参16     

不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系

选取了6种不同土地利用方式,分别对土壤微生物数量变化及其与土壤养分的相互关系进行了研究,结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物总量各有差异,具体表现为干鱼塘底泥>菜地>水稻田>果园>粮作旱地>荒草地;但从土壤微生物多样性指数来看,则表现为粮作旱地>菜地>果园>荒地>水稻田>鱼塘底泥。土壤中微生物总量与微生物多样性指数二者的变化趋势不一致,因此评价土壤生物多样性指数应将二者结合起来。微生物数量与土壤大多数养分含量(除有效磷和全钾之外)之间存在着一定的正相关关系,即土壤微生物数量随土壤养分含量的增加而增加。     

云南元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力的影响

探讨了云南元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力性质的影响．研究表明，土壤侵蚀使土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分淋失；同时，有机质含量减少，土壤有机无机复合量降低，松结态腐殖质减少．Ａ／Ｃ值下降；土壤中的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶等活性也因侵蚀而降低．土壤侵蚀越强烈，土壤肥力退化愈严重．     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

Field tests to study the dynamics of weed inhibition of allelopathic rice and microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils北大核心CSCD

The weed inhibition of allelopathic rice PI312777 and nonallelopathic rice Lemont, allelopathic potential of rice rhizospheric soils, as well as the microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils, were studied by field tests after weedremoving and weed treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of PI312777 at the 7-leaf stage on paddy weeds was 85.82%. Results of the Soil-Agar Sandwich method revealed that the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the inhibitory rate of plant dry weight of barnyard grass was significantly higher at the 5-leaf stage than that at the 3-leaf stage, and increased by 20.16% from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage after weed treatment. When at the same leaf stage, the soil microbe biomass carbon and soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, and activity of soil enzymes (urease, protease, and sucrase) were significantly higher in PI312777 rhizospheric soils than in Lemont rhizospheric soils; they were also higher after the weed-removing treatment than after weed treatment. The largest increase of soil allelopathic potentials and soil microbial physiological indexes in PI312777 rhizospheric soils appeared from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. In case of weed treatment, the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the soil microbe biomass carbon, soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, activity of urease, activity of protease, and activity of sucrase increased by 53.11%, 51.56%, 38.97%, 44.83%, 60.00%, and 41.92%, respectively, from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. These results indicated that rice allelopathy had a close relationship with the activity of rhizospheric soils. Rice allelochemicals lead to the change of soil microbes; rice allelopathy is a process based on plant-soil interaction. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

上海市沿海防护林下土壤养分、微生物及酶的典型相关关系

以上海市沿海防护林为研究对象,选择6种不同树种的防护林带,采集0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60cm四层土样为研究材料,运用典型相关分析法,对防护林地土壤养分因子、微生物因子和酶活性因子中每两组变量间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：三组变量土壤养分、微生物、酶活性中,每两者之间均有显著的典型相关变量存在,而且基本能够代表变量总体相关信息;土壤养分和土壤微生物间的相关主要由全氮、速效磷含量与微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量磷引起;土壤养分与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要由全氮、有效磷、水解氮含量与脲酶、蛋白酶活性的相关性引起;土壤微生物与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要是由微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量磷与脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的相关性引起;不同林地不同土壤层次的养分、微生物及酶活性在各对典型变量上的聚集趋势可为防护林建设过程中的树种选择与土壤健康诊提供一定的依据。