氢型钠运行法

我厂于1979年6月在原氧、钠工艺基础上对锅炉用水除硷、除硬、除二氧化碳进行了研究,经一年多的实验和运行,证明氢型钠运行法(亦称无盐再生法)新工艺适用于负硬水地区(总碱度大于总硬度),效果很好。 工作原理 氢型钠运行法,是阳离子交换剂在定型和还原时为氢型,而在运行中也逐渐吸附钠离子(来源于负硬中碳酸钠和重碳酸钠)形成钠型交换剂,从而取代了用食盐还原所得之钠离子,既除碱又除硬。方程式如下: 1 除碱原理:氢离子与水中钙、镁离子交换时,生成酸中和硷度。 2、钠型交换剂形成原理:天然水尤其是负硬水中大量的重碳酸钠与氢离子交换时,钠…     

含锌废物综合利用项目环境影响评价工程探索

工业生产的废物当中包含多种重金属,例如钢铁厂的粉尘当中就含有锌。含锌粉尘不仅会在高炉内循环和富集,影响高炉的运行,还会造成环境污染。基于此,本文主要分析含锌废物综合利用,对该项目进行环境评价,探讨有效的对策,以提高含锌废物综合利用的科学性,提高环境保护等级。     

饮用水水源突发性Cd（Ⅱ）污染应急处理实验研究

首先评估了水厂现行工艺对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除能力,然后根据饮用水水源地突发性Cd(Ⅱ)污染的特点对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的去除进行实验研究.结果表明,使用聚合氯化铝铁和水玻璃作为混凝剂和助凝剂的水厂现行工艺对Cd(Ⅱ)的最高去除率为75.0%.随pH值增大,水厂工艺对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率会相应提高,当pH值为9.0时,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率可达到90.0%.向原水投加碳酸钠可以改变其pH值.当碳酸钠投量为20 mg/L时,原水的pH值可由原来的7.90升高到8.97,该条件下可以同时产生氢氧化镉和碳酸镉两种沉淀颗粒,较大程度上增强了Cd(Ⅱ)的去除效果.     

重金属在氧化沟式污水处理工艺中的迁移转化

对焦作市污水处理厂各操作单元的污水和污泥进行了24 h连续采样,并测定了重金属元素镉、铬、砷、铅、镍、铜、锌、锰的含量、形态及去除率。结果表明,污水处理厂进水中各重金属元素总量的差别很大,其中镉质量浓度最低,锌质量浓度最高;二沉池出水中铅质量浓度最低,锌质量浓度最高。污水处理厂进水和二沉池出水中各重金属元素总量随时间变化有所波动,日变异系数在11.4%~88.9%。二沉池出水满足GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》对重金属质量浓度的要求。该厂污水处理工艺对于各重金属元素总量的去除率在25.4%~99.5%,其中锰、砷和镍的去除率较低(40%),铅、镉、铬去除率较高(90%)。现有污水处理工艺去除的主要是以颗粒态形式存在的重金属元素,去除过程主要发生在二级处理工段,现有工艺对除铜以外的溶解态重金属没有明显的去除效果。与进水相比,二沉池出水中各重金属元素溶解态占总量的比例均有不同程度的提高。沉砂池污泥中各重金属元素质量比在(0.88±1.08)~(867.7±321.8)mg/kg,压滤污泥中各元素质量比在(2.98±2.15)~(2587±225.3)mg/kg。与沉砂池污泥相比,压滤污泥中各元素质量比更稳定。压滤污泥中重金属质量比均满足国家标准(GB 18918—2002)规定的污泥农用(碱性土壤)限值要求。     

纳米晶TiO2光催化处理含锌废水的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备锐态型纳米TiO2,并利用XRD、SEM对TiO2粉体进行表征,在紫外光的作用下将自制纳米TiO2光催化处理含锌废水.考察废水pH值、废水负荷、催化剂用量、光照时间等因素对锌离子去除率的影响.结果表明,在废水锌质量浓度为50 mg/L,纳米TiO2投加量为0.01 g/L,含锌废水的pH值为12,反应时间为30 min时,废水中锌的去除率可达98.73%.     

高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化强化低温低浊水处理

为了探讨对低温、低浊水更为有效的预氧化技术,通过小试考察了高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化工艺在助凝、助滤、去除有机物及减少氯化消毒副产物方面的效能.结果表明:与单独氯胺预氧化工艺相比,高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化具有明显的强化助凝和助滤作用,在最佳质量浓度时,可使沉后及滤后水浊度去除率分别达到94%和98%以上;并具有明显地降低沉后有机污染指标的效能,使沉后水中UV254和CODMn指标分别降低23%和32%;还能够有效地控制THMs的生成,KMnO4质量浓度为2 mg/L时,THMs去除率达85.2%,同时还可去除CHBr2Cl、CHBr3两种副产物.因此高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化是一种对低温低浊水十分有效的水处理技术.     

活性炭三维电极处理含锌废水的能耗特征研究

采用活性炭三维电极对含锌废水进行处理,发现在槽电压分别为6V和8V条件下,活性炭三维电极对锌离子去除率比平板二维电极分别提高了48％和21％,平均电流效率分别高出40％和22％,分别节能70％和44％.电流密度由134 A/m2增加到782 A/m2时,活性炭三维电极锌离子去除率提高了20％,去除每千克锌所需能耗增加4.37倍,电流效率降低77.3％.槽电压由4V升高到8V,活性炭三维电极锌离子去除率从32％提高到79％,平均电流效率提高26％,而去除每千克锌所需能耗差别不大.     

除尘初见成效

云南省永胜瓷厂是个老企业,设备陈旧,工艺落后,一些工序还需要手工操作,接触粉尘的职工约占全厂职工总数的75%。全厂25个主要粉尘作业点平均粉尘浓度达106.88 毫克/米3。粉尘中含游离二氧化矽10-37%,而且分散度大,因此职工矽肺发病率较高。 从1979年开始,在上级领导的支持和帮助下,该厂建成一条67.2米的白瓷隧道窑,解决了倒焰窑通风不良和糠灰粉尘的危害。结合腐植酸钠用于瓷器原料加工,把过去的干法粉碎水簸沟洗的落后工艺改为球磨湿法一次磨成的先进工艺。在粉尘污染严重的各作业点,安装使用了 HC-36型脉冲袋式除尘器及TL-8可移式布袋除…     

典型炼锌废渣堆场重金属环境影响特征分析

以贵州省毕节市岳家海子为研究对象,采用原子吸收光谱仪测试了炼锌废渣堆场内和附近的渣、土壤、地表水、水体沉积物及孔隙水中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,并采用内梅罗指数和潜在生态危害指数(RI)对地表水、土壤及表层沉积物的重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明:废渣与其浸出液重金属含量之间没有正相关关系,废渣浸出毒性与其重金属质量比没有直接关系;北片区溪流水重金属质量浓度沿水流方向大体上不断降低,沉积物(除Pb外)和孔隙水重金属含量沿水流方向先降低后升高,表明进入水体的重金属不断向沉积物迁移,且由于"静水区"作用,重金属主要累积在水池和池塘沉积物中;表层0~20 cm土壤受Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd污染,0~200 cm土壤Cu、Zn质量比均较高,Pb在40 cm以下、Cd在60 cm以下质量比低;地表水内梅罗指数达到严重污染级别;堆场内及周边土壤的RI属于轻微~中等潜在生态危害,水体沉积物属于强~很强潜在生态危害,Cd的潜在危害风险系数(Eir)明显大于其他重金属,表明炼锌废渣堆更易对水体环境造成危害,其中Cd是最主要的污染因子。     

沸石强化热处理对土壤中铜和锌的固定作用

为研究热处理对土壤中重金属的固定作用,从甘肃白银采集铜和锌污染土壤,研究了好氧和厌氧热处理法及沸石强化热处理法对土壤中铜和锌形态变化的影响。结果表明,与好氧热处理相比,厌氧热处理对土壤中的铜和锌有更好的固定效果,且温度越高固定效果越好。在500℃时,厌氧热处理可使土壤中铜和锌的可氧化态和残渣态之和分别由原土样的31.7%和31.3%提高到93.3%和89.4%。在好氧条件下,在200~450℃范围内,是否添加沸石对土壤中铜和锌的固定效果并无明显影响;而在500℃时,添加沸石处理对重金属铜、锌的固定效果明显提高。在500℃时,与好氧热处理相比,添加沸石强化好氧热处理下铜和锌的弱酸可提取态质量比下降了12.7%和12.1%,而残渣态质量比增加了8.6%和12%。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。