Advances in air pollution control for key industries in China during the 13th five-year plan

Industrial development is an essential foundation of the national economy, but the industry is also the largest source of air pollution, of which power plants, iron and steel, building materials, and other industries emit large amounts of pollutants. Therefore, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of stringent emission regulations, and it is against this backdrop that research into air pollution control technologies for key industrial sectors is in full swing. In particular, during the 13th Five-Year Plan, breakthroughs have been made in pollution control technology for key industrial sectors. A multi-pollutant treatment technology system of desulfurization, denitrification, and dust collection, which applies to key industries such as power plants, steel, and building materials, has been developed. High-performance materials for the treatment of different pollutants, such as denitrification catalysts and desulfurization absorbers, were developed. At the same time, multi-pollutant synergistic removal technologies for flue gas in various industries have also become a hot research topic, with important breakthroughs in the synergistic removal of NO_x, SO_x, and Hg. Due to the increasingly stringent emission standards and regulations in China, there is still a need to work on the development of multi-pollutant synergistic technologies and further research and development of synergistic abatement technologies for CO₂ to meet the requirements of ultra-low emissions in industrial sectors.     

基于多尺度交叉趋势样本熵的城市空气质量指数分析

为了研究城市的空气质量指数（air quality index,AQI）与各污染物浓度序列之间的一致性,以及相邻城市间污染物的相似程度,提出一种新的多尺度交叉趋势样本熵（multiscale cross trend sample entropy,MCTSE）,用于刻画2个具有趋势的序列在不同尺度上的一致性。利用该方法对长沙、株洲和湘潭3个城市春、夏、秋、冬的AQI与PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO和O₃ 6种污染物浓度序列展开研究,为寻找影响这些城市空气质量的污染源以及共同治理提供参考。最后为这些城市制定空气污染防治目标提出了可行的治理对策。     

室内甲醛污染及其控制

介绍了室内标志性污染物之一甲醛的来源、毒理性质及其治理方法和控制措施。提出了要以生态理论为指导,对甲醛进行全过程控制;在源头上减少装饰装修材料中甲醛的含量;科学合理的进行居室装修;利用生物方法、化学方法及物理化学方法等对散发甲醛进行治理。     

突发型大气污染源位置识别反演问题的数值模拟

在突发型大气污染事件中,能否根据临时监测数据对污染源的位置进行快速识别,对于城市大气污染源的控制管理以及改善城市空气质量意义重大.为了构建突发型大气污染源位置识别的空间反演算法,本文通过分析大气应急污染监测的临时采样数据,结合污染物浓度扩散模型,随机生成污染源和计算污染物浓度的空间分布,对突发型大气污染源进行定位并与实际测量结果进行对比分析,采用蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo simulation)对相关参数进行讨论,最终构建能对突发型大气污染源进行快速估计定位的空间反演算法.研究结果表明,本文构建的空间反演算法输出的污染源坐标与实际情况相符.因此,该算法可用于突发型大气污染源位置的快速识别.     

沈阳市大气氮氧化物污染状况及控制对策

阐述了沈阳市各类污染源排放废气中NOx排放量所占比例、排放特征,分析了环境空气中NOx的污染状况、各功能区环境空气中二氧化氮浓度差异,污染源排放及其分布、气象条件等因素对沈阳NOx污染分布的影响,并提出确定重点控制行业和地区、建立NOx相应的监测、统计、评估体系、修订和完善环境空气质量标准和一批行业NOx排放标准、应用先进的烟气脱硝技术等几方面的NOx控制对策。     

Long-term,consistent scenarios of emissions,deposition, and climate change in Europe

The aim of this study was to develop consistent scenarios of emissions, climate change and regional air pollution to enable an integrated analysis of the linkage between climate change and regional air pollution in Europe. An integrated modeling framework was developed for this purpose. The framework integrates state-of-the-art models and concepts from the area of climate change and regional air pollution and was supplemented by new modules (e.g. modeling long-term NH₃ emissions in Europe, modeling dispersion and transformation of air pollutants under climate change).Consistent climate and air pollution policies were derived, both driven by the desire to achieve certain environmental goals. According to an analysis of scenarios with various combinations of climate and regional air pollution policies the quantitatively most relevant interactions are the effect of climate change policies on the energy mix and the resulting air pollution emissions. In the long-term the global SO₂ emissions are expected to decrease (again), accordingly their effect on climate will be minor. Tentatively it can be concluded that for regional air pollution the development of the air pollutant emissions is more important than the effect of climate change on the dispersion and chemical transformation of air pollutants.     

北京市大气SO2污染总量控制目标值的确定

针对北京市的气象条件和大气中SO₂的污染状况,发挥了北京市具有自动监测系统连续监测资料的优势,分析了大量的数据,用概率统计的方法制定出了北京市大气SO₂污染的总量控制目标值,避免了采取控制日的方法,并且本着环境效益、经济效益和技术效益综合分析的原则,制定出了不同发展阶段的总量控制目标值。所使用的方法适用于具有连续自动监测系统的城市气态污染物(如NO_x、CO等)总量控制目标值的确定,并且对我国北方以煤烟型污染为主的城市具有一定的参考作用。      

Air pollution and its control in China

The rapid growth of China’s economy has led to severe air pollution characterized by acid rain, severe pollution in cities, and regional air pollution. High concentrations are found for various pollutants such as sulfur dioxides (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulates. Great efforts have thus been undertaken for the control of air pollution in the country. This paper discusses the development and application of appropriate technologies for reducing the major pollutants produced by coal and vehicles, and investigates air quality modeling as an important support for policy-making.     

非点源污染的管理及控制

非点源污染是指溶解的或固体污染物从非特定的地域,在降水和径流冲刷作用下,通过径流过程而汇入受纳水体引起的水体污染,主要起源于土壤侵蚀,农药与化肥的施用,农村家畜粪便与垃圾,农田污水灌溉,城镇地表径流,林区地表径流和大气干湿沉降等污染源。     

室内空气污染预测方法的实证研究

在大型(30m3)、小型(1m3)环境箱实验获得数据的基础上构建释放模型,并将模拟结果和现场监测得到的浓度水平进行对比,对开发的室内空气污染预测方法进行了实证研究.以一新装修房间为例,分别利用大型和小型环境箱实验,研究了复杂整装材料和简单层状材料的释放规律,建立了相应材料的污染物释放模型;依据单元内物质守恒理论和污染物充分混合的假设将释放模型组合,建立了室内空气污染预测方法,并预测了该房间甲醛和TVOC(total volatile organic compounds)浓度的变化过程.在考虑了0.03ACH(air change per hour)的换气率之后,模型预测与现场监测的污染物浓度变化趋势基本吻合,甲醛和TVOC污染预测误差(正则化标准差)分别为2.8%和1.6%.模型分析表明,各污染源对于甲醛污染的贡献,家具＞涂料＞地板;对于TVOC污染的贡献,涂料＞地板＞家具.结论表明,该预测方法可以真实反映现场污染物浓度变化趋势,可以用来分析各污染源对于整体污染的贡献、指导装修材料的选择和作为室内污染评估和控制的有效工具.     

南京冬季一次重霾污染事件PM2.5区域传输收支分析

利用WRF-Chem模式对2015年12月21—23日南京一次重霾污染过程进行模拟.基于合理的模拟评估,采用大气传输通量计算法,着重分析了此次霾污染过程中模拟的南京地区PM_(2.5)的传输收支特征,以及周边地区大气污染物传输对南京市PM_(2.5)变化的贡献.结果表明,此次霾污染过程中,本地源与外来源区域传输共同影响着南京市的空气质量.PM_(2.5)的跨区域传输是此次重霾污染发生和消亡的重要因素.在霾污染事件的形成维持阶段,南京地区是作为周边地区PM_(2.5)的接收区,大气污染物主要由南京的西边界输入,大气污染物的外源输入是南京PM_(2.5)污染的主要贡献来源,占南京PM_(2.5)污染的84%.在霾污染事件的消亡阶段,南京地区则是作为周边地区PM_(2.5)的源,大气污染物主要由南京的东边界持续向外输出.     

污泥焚烧大气污染物排放及其控制研究进展

污泥焚烧技术是处理城市污泥的一种有效方法,但由于焚烧过程会产生严重的大气污染,因而也是一种备受争议的方法。论文对污泥焚烧大气污染物的排放种类、产生机理及其减排控制技术等进行了国内外文献综述,结果表明污泥焚烧产生的大气污染物主要包括粉尘、重金属、二英、酸性气体等,其中重金属汞和二英最受人们关注。研究表明在污泥焚烧过程中重金属的迁移转化主要受重金属的种类、存在形态、焚烧环境等因素的影响,针对重金属的控制目前主要采用"活性炭喷射+除尘"的组合技术进行控制;污泥焚烧过程中二英的生成和释放主要由污泥的组成和特性、燃烧条件、烟气组成、颗粒去除装置的运行温度等因素决定,其控制技术目前主要有焚烧过程控制和活性炭吸附等方法;而针对粉尘和酸性气体的控制目前已有成熟的技术可以应用。此外,通过国内外已有工程实例分析表明只要采用合适的烟气治理技术,完全可以控制和避免污泥焚烧烟气污染的产生。同时提出了适合我国国情的污泥焚烧烟气处理工艺流程。     

室内空气污染及控制

室内空气污染是伴随着生活水平提高而出现的一ｂ个崭新问题，与人类健康、生存有着密切的关系．本文着重介绍了甲醛、氯仿、三氯乙烯和燃烧产物等几种常见的室内污染物的来源、危害及预防措施．     

A neural network-based method for short-term predictions of ambient SO2 concentrations in highly polluted industrial areas of complex terrain

A new method for short-term air pollution prediction is described, based on the neural network. It was developed for prediction for SO₂ pollution around the biggest Slovenian thermal power plant at Sostanj. Because of the high SO₂ emissions, there is a need for a reliable air pollution prediction method that would enable lowering the peaks of pollutant concentrations in critical meteorological situations. In complex topography, classical methods for air pollution modelling are not reliable enough. The results obtained by this new method are very promising.The method can also be used, with slight modifications, for other important air pollutants, the concentrations of which can be measured continuously.     

煤炭消费与大气污染影响下的燃煤火电分区发展策略

我国区域性复合型大气污染日益严重,以燃煤火电为代表的煤炭消费相关产业已经成为最为重要的大气污染源,并已成为制约燃煤火电行业发展的重要因素. 应用RAMS(区域大气模式系统)-CMAQ(多尺度空气质量模式系统)模拟和评估全国燃煤火电对区域大气环境的影响,并分析了近地面风场对燃煤火电布局的影响;基于煤炭消费总量增长趋势与控制目标,预测燃煤火电的发展规模,提出全国燃煤火电分区布局策略. 结果表明:燃煤电厂对我国东部地区NO_x、SO₂、PM_2.5以及PM₁₀排放通量的贡献较大,但燃煤电厂对ρ(SO₂)、ρ(O₃)、ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)年均值的贡献率较小,基本维持在10%以下,仅对ρ(NO_x)年均值贡献达到了10%～20%;考虑到盛行风向对污染物传输的影响,需谨慎在京津冀西北方向、长三角周边以及珠三角以北方向的较近区域新建燃煤电厂或大型燃煤火电基地;按照既定的煤炭消费总量控制目标(42×108 t)估算,2020年新增燃煤电厂容量可以满足电力消费需求增量的70%,“十三五”期间仍需要进一步开发其他替代能源,煤炭消费总量控制对煤电发展的影响逐渐减弱;中东部地区可增加燃煤火电装机容量较小,华北平原、长三角、珠三角和四川盆地等地区应禁止新建煤电机组,新疆维吾尔自治区、内蒙古自治区西部、宁夏回族自治区、陕西省北部等西部地区将是未来燃煤火电发展空间最大的区域.      

城市间大气污染相互影响的VAR模型分析

基于以往研究多采用大气数值模式分析污染物在不同城市之间的输送规律及内外源的贡献率,现从时间序列角度引入一个新方法,应用向量自回归模型的格兰杰因果关系检验、脉冲响应函数及方差分解技术,对广州、佛山、肇庆2003-2012年逐日空气污染指数进行模拟演算,得到城市间大气污染相互影响效应及其贡献。结果表明,广佛地区污染源对肇庆空气质量影响突出,肇庆并未成为广州和佛山的主要污染源。城市间大气污染相互影响存在明显的滞后效应,前7期累积作用较明显,污染物的累积效应容易导致区域性灰霾天气出现。佛山对广州的污染贡献达到了10.9%,广州对佛山的污染贡献相对偏小,佛山对肇庆的污染贡献接近30%,广佛肇经济圈应形成区域性大气污染联防联治机制。     

Approaches to municipal wastewater irrigation and environmental protection

To reuse the water and nutrient resources from ecological point of view the goals, criteria and constraint conditions of the scientifically municipal wastewater irrigation are discussed as well as the practice in major municipal wastewater irrigation areas in China is introduced, of which particularly the effects of municipal water irrigation mixing with oil refinery wastewater on the agricultural ecosystem are studied and described. It has been revealed that benzo(a)pyrene in various parts of paddy crop is attributed to air pollution, water-soil pollution and biosynthesis of plant. Of exogenous contributions of benzo(a)pyrene in paddy shoot system under natural condition, the dominant factor is the air pollution, whereas the water-soil factor is considered to be secondary. Therefore, it is mostly urgent to control the air pollution source of benzo(a)pyrene, to which the edible parts of various green plants are exposed directly.     

Relative sensitivities of woody plants to acid deposition in south areas of China

Relative sensitivities of 30 species of common woody plants to simulated acid rain with pH values of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5 and control were studied. The results showed that 6 species of these plants were sensitive to simulated acid rain. The moderate included 18 species. The resistant included 6. Relative sensitivities to ambient acid rain and air pollutants and visible injury degree of 30 species of common woody plants in Chongqing City were investigated. Results showed that 6 species with foliage lesion rate at above 10 percent were sensitive, that 6 species with no lesion were resistant and that other 18 species with lesion at 10 percent below were moderate. Other 7 cities (Guiyang, Zunyi, Duyun, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Liuzhou and Guilin City) were also investigated and results were consistent with those of Chongqing City. The experimental and investigated results showed relative sensitivities and visible injury degree of woody plants to simulated acid rain were consistent with those of the woody plant     

浅谈城市大气污染现状及其综合防治

我国城市空气污染仍较为严重，以煤烟形成的烟尘和SO2为主要污染物。原因主要是能源和工业结构不合理，以及机动车尾气排放管理滞后。应加强规划，合理布局，强化管理，控制煤烟型污染、工业污染、机动车尾气污染和扬尘污染，达到综合防治的目的。     

燃煤电厂大气污染物超低排放技术验证评价

环境技术验证评价是新环境技术评价的有效方法之一。烟气超低排放是重点行业大气污染控制的发展趋势。开展燃煤电厂超低排放技术验证评价研究是环境技术验证评价在行业精细化应用的创新。在分析燃煤电厂大气污染物超低排放技术特点的基础上,运用层次分析法、调查研究法等构建了燃煤电厂超低排放技术验证评价指标体系,提出验证评价指标获取方法、测试周期和样本量、采样频率、指标评价方法。以超低排放组合技术"SCR脱硝+干式电除尘+石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫+湿式电除尘"为例进行应用验证,该技术利益相关方认为验证结果能够客观、科学、公正、有效地反映该技术的技术、经济、环境影响、维护管理等指标的真实情况。