共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Sekhar NU 《Environmental management》2007,39(4):497-505
This article shows how social capital impacts fisheries management at the local level in Chilika Lake, located in the state
of Orissa in India. In Chilika, the different fishing groups established norms and “rules of the game” including, but not
limited to, spatial limits that determine who can fish and in what areas, temporal restrictions about when and for how long people may fish, gear constraints about what harvesting gear may be used by each group, and physical controls on size and other characteristics of fish that may be harvested. A survey of the members of fishing groups has shown
that the bonding social capital is strong within the Chilika fishing groups. Bonding and bridging social capital keeps the
fishers together in times of resource scarcity, checks violations of community rules and sanctions, and strengthens the community
fisheries management. In contrast, linking social capital in Chilika appears to be weak, as is evident from the lack of trust
in external agencies, seeking the help of formal institutions for legal support, and increasing conflicts. Trust and cooperation
among fishers is crucial in helping to build the social capital. A social capital perspective on fisheries governance suggests
that there should be a rethinking of priorities and funding mechanisms, from “top-down” fisheries management towards “co-management”
with a focus on engendering rights and responsibilities for fishers and their communities. 相似文献
2.
Tarsitano E 《Environmental management》2006,38(5):799-809
In urban ecosystems, the ecological system has become completely unbalanced; this, in turn, has led to an increase in well-known
problems such as air pollution, ground pollution, and water pollution. This imbalance has also led to the growth and spread
of pathogens harmful to man, animals, and plants. Urban sustainability indicators, both global and local, also “indicate”
the percentage of population, but these refer only to the human population, not the animal population. Cities need good waste,
water, and air management, effective traffic planning, and good zoning of businesses, crafts, and services; over and above
these activities, cities also need for planning to take into account the existence of pets (dogs, cats, and etc.) and nonpet
animals (insects, birds, mice, etc.). Cities tend to be designed around humans and “on a human scale,” without taking into
account the fact that a huge animal population is living side by side with people. That explains why overcrowding tends to
go hand in hand with urbanization; all these populations, including humans, need to adapt to new spaces and often need to
drastically change their behavior. This is a fact that must be included when drafting sustainable city plans. The supposed
strategy is that of “integrated-participatory” control of the interactions between the environment and animals in the cities.
Strategy will focus on the development of integrated approaches and tools for environment and animal management in the context
of urban settings. This will require such specific methods as ecological balance sheets and ecoplans for the planning, management,
and control of the interrelation among environment, animal, and public health. The objective is to develop a better understanding
of urban biodiversity and of urban ecosystem functioning, in order to understand and minimize the negative impacts of human
activities on them. The research will focus on assessing and forecasting changes in urban biodiversity, structure, function,
and dynamics of urban ecosystems, with relationships among society, economy, biodiversity, and habitats. 相似文献
3.
Unni Kj?rnes 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):145-162
The lack of consistency between people’s engagement in ethical issues and their food choices has received considerable attention.
Consumption as “choice” dominates this discourse, understood as decision-making at the point of purchase. But ideas concentrating
on individual choice are problematic when trying to understand how social and ethical issues emerge and are dealt with in
the practices of buying and eating food. I argue in this paper that “consumer choice” is better understood as a political
ideology addressing a particular way in which everyday practices can be directed so as to solve social problems. It is a way
that makes questions of power particularly challenging. Some assume consumer sovereignty, emphasizing consumer choice as a
reflection of neoliberal deregulation and commercialization. Others worry that ongoing changes increase consumers’ powerlessness.
None of these seem to capture that there is active regulation, where public as well as commercial and civil actors are making
strong efforts to make people do the right thing—voluntarily. Labeling is the key measure. In practice, the individualized
and rationalized model of responsibility depends not only on market opportunities, but even political and social expectations
and trust. People may lack concrete capabilities and power to follow up on moral calls, but they may also have a different
understanding of who is responsible and what is a “good deed,” or their actions may, in a Foucauldian sense, represent resistance.
The paper will, with examples from European empirical studies, discuss how mobilization as well as inertia and disinterest
emerge within specific political constellations and practical contexts. 相似文献
4.
Two frequent beliefs about rural environmental attitudes are examined conceptually and empirically: (1) the common conception
that rural environmental concerns are expressed predominantly by wealthy community newcomers; and (2) the related position
that long-time rural residents are hostile to the environmental cause.
We argue conceptually, through the use of a 2×2 community matrix, that environmental attitudes are equally likely to be expressed
by what we term “upper middle income newcomers,” “lower middle income newcomers,” “upper middle income locals,” and “lower
middle income locals.” Empirically, we find that although wealthy newcomers express the strongest environmental attitudes
in the community, their concerns represent only a small percentage of rural environmental attitudes consisting of respondents
who make less than $40,000 a year in household income are over 40 years of age, possess less than a college education, and
work in a nonprofessional occupation. This new category expresses environmental concerns at least equal to the rest of the
community on three of four measures of environmental attitudes.
The findings provide insight into the widespread and cross-sectional nature of rural environmental concern. The implication
is that environmental groups will find significant sources of political support in rural communities, provided they craft
their environmental message in a language consistent with rural attitudes and values.
Things are gettin' bad fast. Easterners and environmentalists comin' down here from the big cities are tryin' to turn our
way of life completely upside down.
A western US rancher quoted in Krakauer (1991) 相似文献
5.
Wibeck V 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):776-787
In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper
investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode
of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived
by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among
many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain “level,” i.e., “higher” or “lower,” in the MBO system—that
is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as “in” and “out”
contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical
ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be
managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and
thinking about its constituent “levels.” 相似文献
6.
Rapid Assessment of Urban Wetlands: Do Hydrogeomorphic Classification and Reference Criteria Work? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) functional assessment method is predicated on the ability of hydrogeomorphic wetland classification
and visual assessment of alteration to provide reference standards against which functions in individual wetlands can be evaluated.
The effectiveness of this approach was tested by measuring nitrogen cycling functions in forested wetlands in an urbanized
region in New Jersey, USA. Fourteen sites represented three HGM classes and were characterized as “least disturbed reference”
or “non-reference” based on initial visual assessment. Water table levels and in situ rates of net nitrogen mineralization,
net nitrification, and denitrification were measured over one year in each site. Hydrological alterations, resulting in consistently
low or flashy water table levels, were not correlated with a priori designations as reference and non-reference. Although
the flat-riverine wetland class had lower net nitrification and higher denitrification rates than riverine or mineral flat
wetland classes, this difference was attributable to the lack of hydrologically-altered wetlands in the flat-riverine class,
and thus more consistently wet conditions. Within all HGM classes, a classification based on the long-term hydrological record
that separated sites with “normal,” saturated hydrology from those with “altered,” drier hydrology, clearly distinguished
sites with different nitrogen cycling function. Based on these findings, current practices for designating reference standard
sites to judge wetland functions, at least in urbanized regions, are ineffective and potentially misleading. At least one
year of hydrological monitoring data is suggested to classify wetlands into groups that have different nutrient cycling functions,
particularly in urban landscapes. 相似文献
7.
Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque Luciana Gomes de Sousa Nascimento Fabio José Vieira Cybelle Maria de Albuquerque Duarte Almeida Marcelo Alves Ramos Ana Carolina Oliveira da Silva 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):19-32
The scientific community has debated the importance of “return” activities after ethnobiological studies. This issue has provoked
debate because it touches on the ethics of research and the relationships with the people involved in these studies. This
case study aimed to investigate community perception of an ethnobotany research project that was carried out in the semi-arid
region of northeastern Brazil. Furthermore, we reported how the residents of this rural community felt about participating
in the activities of “return” that arose from the projects. Our findings demonstrate that “return” activities should be planned
from the design phase of the research until its closure as a lifelong process that allows the communities involved to gradually
take ownership of the information and actions that are being generated. Similarly, we argue that such activities must be negotiated
with the people of the community so that they have decision-making power and autonomy to decide what is most relevant to their
lives. 相似文献
8.
Earl J. Baker 《Environmental management》1991,15(6):857-859
Dr. Earl J. “Jay” Baker is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Director of the Environmental Hazards
Center at Florida State University. He has conducted extensive research on hurricane evacuation problems and also has studied
growth management, policy evaluation, and storm recovery issues in hurricane-prone areas. He is a member of the National Research
Council’s Committee on Natural Disasters and a director of the National Hurricane Conference. 相似文献
9.
Missouri ranks second in cow-calf numbers in the United States and its pastureland has experienced invasion of various plant
species. As one of the invasive weeds, sericea lespedeza is becoming a serious threat to pasturelands in this state. The in-situ
field survey in these vast pastures is time consuming and often impossible because of accessibility. Typical aerial survey
is also difficult to detect sericea because the plant is of similar size and color as natural grass and, thus, cannot be effectively
discriminated in broadband aerial color photos. This study used an airborne hyperspectral image to map sericea and its invasiveness
in a public grass field in Mid-Missouri. The maximal 1st-order derivative in red-near infrared region (650–800nm) was derived
to separate sericea from fescue, the dominant grass in pastures in Missouri. With a simple threshold approach, sericea of
various sizes were identified in the study area. It was also found that the maximal 1st-order derivatives of sericea patches
were log-linearly related to sericea “volume,” a quasi 3-dimensional biophysical variable as an approximate measure of sericea
invasiveness. The squared correlation coefficient (r
2) of the regression was 0.65 and the estimation error of sericea “volume” estimation was 11% based on ground measurements
at 27 sample sites. With this empirical regression model, the quantitative distribution of sericea volume was mapped, which
could serve as a first step in alerting landowners and the general public about the seriousness of sericea invasion in Missouri
pasturelands. 相似文献
10.
11.
Francisco Seijo Maria Marcela Godoy Dante Guglielmin Cecilia Ciampoli Samuel Ebright Omar Picco Guillermo Defoss 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):448-462
The creation of protected conservation areas may result in protracted conflicts between stakeholders. In this study we examine the drivers of anthropogenic wildfire ignitions in the National Park of “los Alerces” (NPA) in Patagonia, Argentina. The NPA was established in 1937 to protect the native “andino-patagónico” forests from wildfires as well as preserving its scenic beauty and native flora and fauna. At the time of its creation state authorities prohibited all extractive human activities in the “intangible”—fully protected—“National Park” section, while other regulated extractive and ecotourism activities were allowed to continue in the “Natural Reserve” section in an effort to accommodate the historical entitlements of the displaced populations of “pobladores” (settlers) that had been living in the NPA for over a century. Here we interviewed the main stakeholder groups—“pobladores”, forest rangers and administrators, ecolodge owners and angler club members—to identify the drivers of wildfire ignitions in the park. Wildfires have been singled out by state authorities as the main threat to the NPA though considerable scientific uncertainty exists regarding their complex ecological effects. This study argues, based on the human and biophysical system data collected, that two conflicting cultural frames exist within the NPA that provide the necessary backdrop for understanding the drivers of wildfire ignitions. In turn, these findings raise puzzling dilemmas for the main theoretical approaches that have been used to inform and design conflict management strategies in protected conservation areas. 相似文献
12.
This paper offers a field tested community environmental policing model to address the pressing environmental management challenges of reducing e-waste burning in informal e-waste hubs, and enforcement against informal polluting industries more broadly. This is based on our intervention to reduce e-waste burning in a substantial informal e-waste hub in the West Bank, Palestine, a 45 km2 region in which an estimated 5–10 metric tonnes of cables are burnt daily, causing serious environmental and public health consequences. In analogous e-waste hubs in the global South, environmental management solutions have focused on economically attractive alternatives to replace cable burning or policies that integrate informal recyclers with formal e-waste management systems—achieving little success. Our paper describes a two-pronged intervention in Palestine’s e-waste hub, which reduced e-waste burning by 80% through a combination of economically competitive cable grinding services and an “active” community environmental policing initiative that lowered barriers to and successfully advocated for governmental policing of e-waste burning. Our discussion of this intervention addresses the community environmental policing literature, which has documented few successes stories of real improvements to the enforcement of environmental violations. We argue that existing strategies have relied on “passive” approaches comprised of monitoring and reporting environmental violations to advocate for change. Our strategy offers a template to improve outcomes through a more “active” approach, moving from monitoring environmental violations through understanding the rationale and dynamics of violators, identifying environmental policing barriers, and implementing a feasible and persuasive strategy to overcome them. 相似文献
13.
Anne Algers Berner Lindström Edmond A. Pajor 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(4):367-379
Farm animal welfare is a knowledge domain that can be regarded as a model for new ways of organizing learning and making higher
education more responsive to the needs of society. Global concern for animal welfare has resulted in a great demand for knowledge.
As a complement to traditional education in farm animal welfare, higher education can be more demand driven and look at a
broad range of methods to make knowledge available. The result of an inventory on “farm animal welfare,” “e-learning,” “learning
resources,” and “open educational resources” in three different search engines is presented. A huge amount of information
on animal welfare is available on the Internet but many of the providers lock in the knowledge in a traditional course context.
Only a few universities develop and disseminate open learning resources within the subject. Higher education institutions
are encouraged to develop open educational resources in animal welfare for the benefit of teachers, students, society, and,
indirectly, animal welfare. 相似文献
14.
Alan Ewert 《Environmental management》1990,14(2):179-184
Mount St. Helens provides an interesting case study of a forest and wildland area that has been radically altered in recent
history. As a result of volcanic activity, the recreation environment has changed with respect to the setting, climbing opportunities,
and motivations for mountaineering. An evaluation process using both qualitative and quantitative methods was developed to
determine what the motivations, demographic characteristics, and preferred management techniques were for the posteruption
Mount St. Helens mountain-climbing visitor. Results suggest that changes have occurred in the “new” or posteruption climbing
visitor. These changes have not all been congruent with those anticipated by management. For example, the climbing visitor
is now less interested in climbing opportunities and more concerned with seeing the crater and other volcanic-related features.
This article discusses the findings of this research in light of how resource managers might consider the issue of visitor
changes in both demands and types of uses. For example, determining quota numbers based on sociological determinants (e.g.,
desire for solitude) need to be firmly grounded in who the visitors actually are rather than who they were. Consequently,
management tools such as the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) and Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) may need to be
altered to accommodate a changing resource or visitor base. These and other findings have implications for the future management
practices of the Mount St. Helens area and other environments where the recreation resources have undergone rapid and profound
change. 相似文献
15.
16.
Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability Through the Use of GIS Tools in South Sicily (Italy) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study assessed coastal erosion vulnerability along a 90-km sector, which included both erosional and accretionary beaches,
and different levels of human occupation. Two aerial photogrammetric flights were used to reconstruct coastal evolution between
1977 and 1999. During this period, extensive accretion was recorded updrift of human structures at harbors and ports, e.g.,
Scoglitti (105.6 m), Donnalucata (52.8 m), and Pozzallo (94.6 m). Conversely, erosion was recorded in downdrift areas, with
maximum values at Modica Stream mouth (63.8 m) and Point Castellazzo (35.2 m). Assessments were subsequently divided into
four categories ranging from “high erosion” to “accretion.” Several sources were examined to assess human activities and land
use. The latter was mapped and divided into four categories, ranging from “very high” to “no capital” land use. Subsequently,
coastal erosion vulnerability was assessed by combining land use categories with recorded coastline behavior. Results showed
“very high” to “high” vulnerability along 5.8% and 16.6%, respectively, of the littoral, while 20.9% and 56.7%, respectively,
was found to exhibit “medium” and “low/very low” vulnerability. A very good agreement between predicted coastal vulnerability
and coastal trend had been observed over recent years. Furthermore, several human structures and activities are located within
the “imminent collapse zone (ICZ)” which reached maximum values of 17.5 m at Modica Stream and 13.5 m at Point Braccetto. 相似文献
17.
This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental
conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic
noise (road, rail, and air), NO2, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only
exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally,
we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis
on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known
as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all
local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental
outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO2 are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental
“bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental
outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental
“goods” than lower-income groups. 相似文献
18.
An active ethically conscious consumer has been acclaimed as the new hero and hope for an ethically improved capitalism. Through
consumers’ “voting” at the checkout, corporations are supposed to be held accountable for their conduct. In the literature
on political consumerism, this has mainly been approached as political participation and governance. In this article, we do
a critical review of this literature. We do so by questioning the existence of what we call a “generic active consumer model.”
At the core of this position, there is a belief that the active consumer is a universal entity, available across nations and
time. Instead we call for an approach that takes accord of the ways consumers and consumer roles are framed in interactive
processes in markets, governance structures, and everyday life. Consumers in different countries assess their responsibilities
and their powers as consumers differently due to different institutionalizations within distinctive contexts. We also must take into account how the inertia
of ordinary consumption and the moral complexities of everyday life restrict the adoption of an active consumerist role. Hence,
the debate on political consumerism should make for a more realistic notion of ethical consumer-sovereignty and its role in
improving the workings of capitalism. In our view, these findings have severe implications for understanding both theories
of political consumption and the dynamics of political consumption per se. 相似文献
19.
Hodgkin–Huxley model, describing generation of action potentials in axons’ membranes, has been used for appreciation of the
possible mechanisms of electromagnetic fields influence on neurons’ electrical activity. It follows from the carried calculations
that flowing through an axon of the external current pulses, which have an area of rise, an area of DC, and an area of drop,
does not influence own excitation pulses passage if periods of rise and drop are slope enough. Depending on the external current
parameters, own excitation pulses may not be influenced or may be suppressed at greater velocity of rise and drop of an external
current. Moreover, induced excitation pulses appear at definite parameters of an external current. In the case, when at passage
through an axon of an external current, own excitation pulses follow one by one (paired pulse facilitation), and the second
pulse may be suppressed if its level will not be increased additionally in comparison with the case of an external current
absence. It is possible that such increase happens “automatically” as a result of “tuning” (adaptation) of axons to the conditions
of flowing through them of an external current. It may be an explanation of the phenomena observed in experiments. 相似文献
20.
During the post-World War II era, the Mojave Desert Region of San Bernardino County, California, has experienced rapid levels
of population growth. Over the past several decades, growth has accelerated, accompanied by significant shifts in ethnic composition,
most notably from predominantly White non-Hispanic to Hispanic. This study explores the impacts of changing ethnicity on future
development and the loss of open space by modeling ethnic propensities regarding family size and settlement preferences reflected
by U.S. Census Bureau data. Demographic trends and land conversion data were obtained for seven Mojave Desert communities
for the period between 1990 and 2001. Using a spatially explicit, logistic regression-based urban growth model, these data
and trends were used to project community-specific future growth patterns from 2000 to 2020 under three future settlement
scenarios: (1) an “historic” scenario reported in earlier research that uses a Mojave-wide average settlement density of 3.76
persons/ha; (2) an “existing” scenario based on community-specific settlement densities as of 2001; and (3) a “demographic
futures” scenario based on community-specific settlement densities that explicitly model the Region’s changing ethnicity.
Results found that under the demographic futures scenario, by 2020 roughly 53% of within-community open space would remain,
under the existing scenario only 40% would remain, and under the historic scenario model the communities would have what amounts
to a deficit of open space. Differences in the loss of open space across the scenarios demonstrate the importance of considering
demographic trends that are reflective of the residential needs and preferences of projected future populations. 相似文献