Heat shock protein 47 stress responses in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to raw and reclaimed wastewater

As wastewater reclamation and reuse becomes more widespread, risks of exposure to treated wastewater increase. Moreover, an unlimited number of pollutants can be identified in wastewater. Therefore, comprehensive toxicity assessment of treated wastewater is imperative. The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive toxicity assessment of wastewater treatment systems using stress response bioassays. This powerful tool can comprehensively assess the toxicity of contaminants. In this study, samples from conventional activated sludge treatment, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) with different pore sizes and sludge retention times (SRTs), rapid sand filtration, coagulation, nano-filtration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) were investigated. The results of stress response bioassays confirmed that the secondary effluent showed higher stress response than influent indicating that biological treatment generates toxic compounds. The results obtained from molecular weight fractionation of water samples demonstrated that organic matter with a higher molecular weight fraction (>0.1 μm) causes toxicity in secondary effluent. Furthermore, supernatant from MBR reactors showed toxicity regardless of SRT. On the other hand, stress response was not detected in MBR permeates except for an MBR equipped with a larger pore size membrane (0.4 μm) and with a short SRT (12 days). While rapid sand filtration could not remove the toxic compounds found in secondary effluent, coagulation tests, operated at an appropriate pH, were effective for reducing stress response in the secondary effluent. Experimental findings also showed that stress response was not detected in cases of NF and RO permeate subsequent to MBR treatment.     

长江南京段重点污染源有机污染物的定性分析

参考美国EPA相关分析方法,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对沿江重点污染源入江废水中有机物状况进行定性分析,共检出18类82种有机物,其中13种属中国优先控制污染物,分属6类有机物;10种属美国EPA优先控制污染物,分属7类有机物。通过查明入江污染源有机污染状况,为环境风险事故防范和应急预案的建立提供了科学依据。     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in effluent matrices: A survey of transformation and removal during wastewater treatment and implications for wastewater management

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) represent pollutants of emerging concern, originating in surface and drinking waters largely from their persistence in wastewater effluent. Accordingly, a wealth of recent investigations has examined PPCP fate during wastewater treatment, focusing on their removal during conventional (e.g., activated sludge) and advanced (e.g., ozonation and membrane filtration) treatment processes. Here, we compile nearly 1500 data points from over 40 published sources pertaining to influent and effluent PPCP concentrations measured at pilot- and full-scale wastewater treatment facilities to identify the most effective series of technologies for minimizing effluent PPCP levels. Available data suggest that at best a 1-log(10) concentration unit (90%) of PPCP removal can be achieved at plants employing only primary and secondary treatment, a performance trend that is maintained over the range of reported PPCP influent concentrations (ca. 0.1-10(5) ng L(-1)). Relatively few compounds (15 of 140 PPCPs considered) are consistently removed beyond this threshold at facilities using solids removal and conventional activated sludge (CAS), and most PPCPs are removed to a far lesser extent. Further, increases in CAS hydraulic retention time or sludge retention time do not appreciably increase removal beyond this limit. In contrast, plants employing advanced treatment methodologies, particularly ozonation and/or membranes, remove the vast majority of PPCPs beyond 1-log(10) concentration unit and oftentimes to levels below analytical detection limits in effluent. Data also indicate that passive approaches for tertiary treatment (e.g., wetlands and lagoons) represent promising options for PPCP removal. We conclude by addressing future challenges and frontiers in wastewater management posed by PPCPs including analytical needs for their real-time measurement, energy demands associated with advanced treatment technologies, and byproducts arising from transformation of PPCPs during treatment.     

Biological treatment of textile wastewater using sequencing batch reactor technology

This study was conducted to biologically treat wastewater discharged from the textile industry (textiles made of cotton and/or synthetic fiber) using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology (activated sludge process operating on batch mode). To achieve the objectives of the study, the characteristics of textile wastewater and the biodegradation of its organic constituents under unsteady state conditions were studied. Then, a bench-scale pilot plant was used to study the performance of SBR by monitoring the settleability and change in the constituents (chemical oxygen demand and solids) over time. Results of the study showed that textile wastewater has different types of pollutants: heat, basicity, suspended solids, organic and inorganic matter, and heavy metals. The factors affecting the biodegradation of organic matter were determined as the reaction time and the ratio of initial substrate to sludge concentrations. Also, removal of solids was monitored, and the settling velocity as affected by sludge concentration was graphically presented to enable the determination of settling time. Finally, the outcome of this study was used to suggest a procedure for the design of a full-scale SBR unit for treatment of textile wastewater.     

Assessing the feasibility of wastewater recycling and treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment units

Wastewater reuse can significantly reduce environmental pollution and save the water sources. The study selected Cheng-Ching Lake water treatment plant in southern Taiwan to discuss the feasibility of wastewater recycling and treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment units. The treatment units of this plant include wastewater basin, sedimentation basin, sludge thickener and sludge dewatering facility. In this study, the treatment efficiency of SS and turbidity were 48.35–99.68% and 24.15–99.36%, respectively, showing the significant removal efficiency of the wastewater process. However, the removal efficiencies of NH₃–N, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are limited by wastewater treatment processes. Because NH₃–N, TOC and COD of the mixing supernatant and raw water are regulated raw water quality standards, supernatant reuse is feasible and workable during wastewater processes at this plant. Overall, analytical results indicated that supernatant reuse is feasible.     

GC-MS identification of gaseous volatiles in wastewater

Gaseous volatiles from wastewater samples taken from a local sewage treatment plant were air-stripped and trapped onto Tenax GC. These volatiles were then thermally desorbed and subsequently analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results show that saturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were the most dominant compounds found in the sewage gaseous volatiles. Other compounds found were chlorinated hydrocarbons, organic acids, sulfides and phenols. A wide variety of gaseous volatiles were found in the raw wastewater, the primary clarifier effluent, the pre-aeration wastewater and the sludge samples. A comparison of the gas chromatograms for the pre- and post-aeration wastewater shows that many odorous gaseous volatiles were removed during the aeration process in the treatment plant.     

紫外-可见分光光度法用于染料废水絮凝脱色效果测定的研究

染料废水絮凝处理后的脱色率是检验絮凝剂絮凝效果的重要指标。文章通过测定废水絮凝处理前后吸光度值的变化 ,从而精确计算出脱色率 ,可避免传统目视比色法带来的人为误差。采用分光光度法测定染料废水絮凝脱色率 ,方法简单、易掌握     

Monitoring of pharmaceutically active compounds on the Guadalquivir River basin (Spain): occurrence and risk assessment

Guadalquivir River (South of Spain) is among the major freshwater sources of the European Atlantic basin. Until now scientific efforts have been focused on contamination by heavy metals and some priority pollutants in Guadalquivir River. However, the presence of "emerging contaminants", such as pharmaceutically active compounds, has not yet been studied. In this work the occurrence and risk assessment of sixteen pharmaceutically active compounds, belonging to different therapeutic groups, in Guadalquivir River during its course through Seville city are reported. Wastewater effluents from four wastewater treatment plants discharging into Guadalquivir River and river water samples were analyzed. All studied pharmaceutically active compounds, except sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, estrone and clofibric acid, were detected in effluent wastewaters at concentration levels up to 28.9 μg L(-1). Among the pharmaceutically active compounds found in effluent wastewater, seven were present in Guadalquivir River samples at concentration levels up to 0.75 μg L(-1), which indicated an important dilution from effluent discharge. Environmental risk assessment reveals that potential ecotoxicological risk cannot be expected on Guadalquivir River at measured concentration levels. Only, the lipid regulator gemfibrozil showed a medium risk for the environment. The risk for acute toxic effects in the environment with the current use of active pharmaceutical ingredients is unlikely. However, the results do not rule out the potential for chronic environmental effects.     

气相色谱法测定苯酚生产废水中芳香族化合物

建立了用气相色谱法同时测定苯酚生产废水中异丙苯、α-甲基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯甲醇、2-苯基-2-丙醇、苯酚、苯乙酮、2-苯基丙醛等7种芳香族有毒有机污染物的定量分析方法。采用二氯甲烷对水样进行萃取后进行分析测定,气相色谱条件:DB-WAX型色谱柱,FID检测器,程序升温,进样量1μL。方法的检出限、精密度、回收率实验表明,该方法对苯酚生产废水中各污染物组分具有较好的分离效果,对7种物质的检测限均低于0.05 mg/L,5次测定的相对标准偏差小于5%,实际水样的加标回收率大于97%。     

Whole-cell bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in wastewater

The increasing number of potentially harmful pollutants in the wastewater effluent discharge necessitates the need for the development of fast and cost effective analytical techniques for extensive monitoring programmes to assess the effectiveness of the treatment process. This study compared the use of bacterial biosensors to the conventional Daphnia magna assay, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) tests as well as chemical analysis, for monitoring the toxicity of wastewater. The bacterial biosensors constructed in this study, using S. sonnei and E. coli, were found to be sensitive to the toxicity of the wastewater effluents. A linear increase in bioluminescence with increasing concentration of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in water was observed, with a correlation coefficient (r(2)) as high as 0.995 and 0.997, respectively. No notable correlation between biosensor toxicity and BOD and COD test results was observed. These bacterial biosensors could provide appropriate alternatives for a rapid, sensitive and cost effective detection of wastewater quality. However, the differences in sensitivity obtained for the different systems suggest that the use of a battery of toxicity assays may be required to provide a real ecotoxicological assessment of wastewater samples.     

辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水重点控制有机污染物的筛选

采用美国环保局工业环境实验室提出的化学物质的“潜在危害指数法”,对辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水和底质中检出的有机污染物的潜在危害进行了排序,参考国内外有毒化学品优先控制名单的筛选原则和方法,结合本流域的实际情况,制定出重点控制有机污染物的评分标准,提出辽河流域浑河沈阳段重点控制有机污染物名单。考虑到个别有机污染物在水中的浓度很低,但在底质中相对含量较高,所以将底质的检测结果也纳入评分标准。     

焦化废水生化处理过程中溶解性有机物及毒性变化规律

焦化废水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)作为废水污染物和毒性的主要来源受到广泛关注。厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A-A-O)生物法联合混凝沉淀工艺在焦化废水处理中被广泛应用。于2018年4,7和11月分别采集4座焦化废水处理厂废水,采用光谱学分析手段和水生生物急性毒性试验对A-A-O联合混凝沉淀处理过程中焦化废水的DOM和毒性变化进行分析。结果表明,焦化废水中含有大量不饱和芳香性物质,其中类色氨酸、络氨酸物质占主导,其次为类溶解性微生物代谢产物、类富里酸物质和类腐殖酸类物质;未经处理的焦化废水对藻类和大型溞的急性毒性等级为中毒至高毒。A-A-O联合混凝沉淀处理可去除90%以上的类色氨酸、络氨酸和类富里酸物质,但对类腐殖酸类物质去除率相对较低,仅为约80%,关键去除段为缺氧段和好氧段;该工艺对焦化废水急性毒性削减率为80.51%~94.30%,关键削减段为厌氧段。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,焦化废水溶解性总有机碳(TOC)、类腐殖酸类物质荧光组分C1和类富里酸类物质荧光组分C4与废水急性毒性存在显著正相关关系,可利用其作为水样急性毒性初筛的指示性指标。可为焦化废水生化处理的效能优化和废水毒性控制及安全评估提供科学支撑。     

Disinfection by-product formation potentials in wastewater effluents and their reductions in a wastewater treatment plant

Disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBPFPs) in wastewater effluents from eight wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated. In addition, a WWTP with one primary effluent and two different biological treatment processes was selected for a comparative study. Formation potential tests were carried out to determine the levels of DBP precursors in wastewater. WWTPs that achieved better organic matter removal and nitrification tended to result in lower DBPFPs in effluents. For the WWTP with two processes, haloacetic acid, trihalomethane, and chloral hydrate precursors were predominant DBP precursors in the primary and secondary effluents. The percent reductions of haloacetonitrile and haloketone formation potentials averaged at 96% which was high in comparison to the reductions of other classes of DBPFPs. In addition, biological treatment changed the DBPFP speciation profile by lowering the HAAFP/THMFP ratio. The eight plant survey and the comparative analysis of the WWTP with two processes implied that besides nitrification, there may be other confounding factors impacting DBPFPs. Oxic and anoxic conditions, formation and degradation of soluble microbial products had impacts on the DBPFP reductions. This information can be used by water and wastewater professionals to better control wastewater-derived DBPs in downstream potable water supplies.     

Profiling and monitoring of DOM in brewery wastewater and treated wastewater

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in raw and treated wastewater from two breweries in Thailand was profiled and monitored for the purpose of water reclamation. The wastewater and the effluent from the use of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and activated sludge (AS) were collected and analyzed through a resin fractionation method using the fluorescent excitation?Cemission matrix (FEEM) technique. The results revealed that the major organic fractions in the brewery wastewater were hydrophobic acid (HPOA) and hydrophilic base (HPIB), accounting for 65% of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mass for brewery A and 56% of total DOC mass for brewery B. The FEEM results indicated that the organic matter in the wastewaters of both breweries were mainly composed of tryptophan-like substances, represented by peaks C (230 nm_Ex/340?C365 nm_Em) and D (265?C295 nm_Ex/315?C390 nm_Em), and humic-like substances, represented by peaks E (290 nm_Ex/400 nm_Em), F (330?C335 nm_Ex/395?C410 nm_Em), and G (255?C265 nm_Ex/435?C455 nm_Em). The analysis revealed that the reduction of DOM occurred mostly during the UASB treatment where most of the DOM reduction resulted from the removal of the HPOA and HPIB fractions. The HPOA fraction, a group of humic-like substances, is of particular concern when reclaiming treated brewery wastewater, and although it was reduced by more than 80% of its initial amount, it was still a dominant DOM fraction in the effluents.     

Correlation of six anthropogenic markers in wastewater, surface water, bank filtrate, and soil aquifer treatment

Six trace contaminants (acesulfame (ACE), sucralose (SUC), carbamazepine (CBZ), diatrizoic acid (DTA), 1H-benzotriazole (BTZ) and its 4-methyl analogue (4-TTri)) were traced from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to receiving waters and further to riverbank filtration (RBF) wells to evaluate their prediction power as potential wastewater markers. Furthermore, the persistence of some compounds was investigated in advanced wastewater treatment by soil aquifer treatment (SAT). During wastewater treatment in four conventional activated sludge WWTPs ACE, SUC, and CBZ showed a pronounced stability expressed by stable concentration ratios in influent (in) and effluent (out) (ACE/CBZ: in45, out40; SUC/CBZ: in1.8, out1.7; and ACE/SUC: in24, out24). In a fifth WWTP, additional treatment with powdered activated carbon led to a strong elimination of CBZ, BTZ, and 4-TTri of about 80% and consequently to a distinctive shift of their ratios with unaffected compounds. Data from a seven month monitoring program at seven sampling locations at the rivers Rhine and Main in Germany revealed the best concentration correlation for ACE and CBZ (r(2) = 0.94) and also a good correlation of ACE and CBZ concentrations to BTZ and 4-TTri levels (r(2) = 0.66 to 0.82). The comparison of ratios at different sampling sites allowed for the identification of a CBZ point source. Furthermore, in Switzerland a higher consumption of SUC compared to Germany can be assumed, as a steadily increasing ACE/SUC ratio along the river Rhine was observed. In RBF wells a good correlation (r(2) = 0.85) was again observed for ACE and CBZ. Both also showed the highest stability at a prolonged residence time in the subsurface of a SAT field. In the most peripheral wells ACE and CBZ were still detected with mean values higher than 36 μg L(-1) and 1.3 μg L(-1), respectively. Although SUC concentrations in wastewater used for SAT decreased by more than 80% from about 18 μg L(-1) to 2.1 μg L(-1) and 3.5 μg L(-1) in these outlying wells, the compound was still adequate to indicate a wastewater impact in a qualitative way.     

Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater process streams in Dublin,Ireland

The aim of this work is to establish baseline levels of pharmaceuticals in three wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) streams in the greater Dublin region to assess the removal efficiency of the selected WWTPs and to investigate the existence of any seasonal variability. Twenty compounds including several classes of antibiotics, acidic and basic pharmaceuticals, and prescribed medications were selected for investigation using a combination of membrane filtration, solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup, and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Fourteen of the selected compounds were found in the samples. Increased effluent concentrations, compared to influent concentrations, for a number of compounds (carbamazepine, clotrimazole, propranolol, nimesulide, furosemide, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, metoprolol, and gemfibrozil) were observed. The detected concentrations were generally below toxicity levels and based on current knowledge are unlikely to pose any threat to aquatic species. Mefenamic acid concentrations detected in both Leixlip and Swords effluents may potentially exert ecotoxicological effects with maximum risk quotients (i.e., ratio of predicted exposure concentration to predicted no effect concentration) of 4.04 and 1.33, respectively.     

GC-MS分析碱法草浆造纸废水中的有机污染物组成

碱法草浆造纸废水在酸性条件下经乙醚萃取--K-D浓缩器浓缩,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪对其有机污染物进行了分析研究.结果表明,该废水中共含有29种有机物,其中主要为有机酸类,占有机物总量的50.84%.其次为难降解的呋喃类和毒性较大的苯环类有机物,它们分别占有机物总量的25.12%和13.53%.     

Evaluation of different wastewater treatment techniques in three WWTPs in Istanbul for the removal of selected EDCs in liquid phase

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are exogenous substances that cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, subsequent to the changes in endocrine function. Recent studies have shown that wastewater treatment plant effluents play an important role in the release of EDCs into aquatic environments. Therefore, in this study, influent and effluent samples from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Istanbul were analysed for the presence of the principal EDCs. These chemicals include steroids and synthetic organic chemicals. Thus, the occurrence and fate of EDCs of great health concern were monitored at three WWTPs in Istanbul. Furthermore, these WWTPs are employing different treatment processes. Therefore, the EDC removal performances of different treatment regimes were also evaluated. Phytosterol was the most abundant EDC in the influent samples. Second group of compounds at high influent levels were alkyl phenols. Pesticide levels of all three WWTP influent samples were low. Pasakoy Advanced WWTP is more effective at eliminating EDCs. Kadikoy Primary WWTP exhibits the lowest EDC elimination efficiencies. To the best of our knowledge, this work comprises the first detailed report on the occurrence and behaviour of both natural and synthetic EDCs in WWTPs of Istanbul and Turkey. The steroid estrogen levels of this study are higher than the previously documented values, except the levels given for Gaobeidian WWTP in Beijing, China. This is attributed to higher population densities of Beijing and Istanbul and as well as to lower individual water consumption rates in the two cities.     

Examination of the operator and compensator tank role in urban wastewater treatment using activated sludge method

No doubt, operator is one of the main fundaments in wastewater treatment plants. By identifying the inadequacies, the operator could be considered as an important key in treatment plant. Several methods are used for wastewater treatment that requires spending a lot of cost. However, all investments of treatment facilities are useable when the expected efficiency of the treatment plant was obtained. Using experienced operator, this goal is more easily accessible. In this research, the wastewater of an urban community contaminated with moderated, diluted and highly concentrated pollution has been treated using surface and deep aeration treatment method. Sampling of these pilots was performed during winter 2008 to summer 2009. The results indicate that all analyzed parameters were eliminated using activated sludge and surface aeration methods. However, in activated sludge and deep aeration methods in combination with suitable function of operator, more pollutants could be eliminated. Hence, existence of operator in wastewater treatment plants is the basic principle to achieve considered efficiency. Wastewater treatment system is not intelligent itself and that is the operator who can organize even an inefficient system by its continuous presence. The converse of this fact is also real. Despite the various units and appropriate design of wastewater treatment plant, without an operator, the studied process cannot be expected highly efficient. In places frequently affected by the shock of organic and hydraulic loads, the compensator tank is important to offset the wastewater treatment process. Finally, in regard to microbial parameters, existence of disinfection unit is very useful.     

EV生化、生态组合净化技术处理农村生活污水的应用

采用EV生化、生态组合净化技术处理农村生活污水,对工艺的运行效果、污染物的去除途径及温度对污染物去除率的影响进行了研究分析.一年的观测结果表明,该工艺结合了生物技术和生态工程的优点,能有效去除生活污水中的有机物、氮、磷和粪大肠菌群,且处理效果稳定.温度对有机物、总磷的去除效率影响较小,对总氮、氨氮去除效率影响较大,在冬...