废旧晶硅太阳能组件回收技术的发展现状

太阳能作为一种可再生的清洁能源,已经广泛应用到一些需要供电的个体和大规模应用的发电站。到目前为止,国内外仍然把研究重点放在如何提高太阳能的转化效率和使用寿命,但对于废旧晶硅太阳能的回收利用没有足够的重视。综述了国内外废旧晶硅太阳能回收处理的发展情况,阐述了几种回收方法的工艺流程及工艺优缺点,最后提出了对晶硅太阳能电池回收利用的对策与建议。     

硫酸铵-锌试剂-Tween-80萃取分离废镍镉电池金属

以废旧镍镉电池为原料,探索盐酸溶解废镍镉电池的溶解条件,并用ICP仪检测镍镉电池溶液中金属离子含量.研究了硫酸铵-锌试剂-Tween-80体系萃取分离金属离子Ni(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ)的行为.实验表明:Ni(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ)在pH 6～9范围内,与锌试剂形成的螯合物可被Tween-80相完全萃取,而Cd(Ⅱ)基本不被萃取.进而实现了镍镉电池溶液中的Ni(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ)离子与Cd(Ⅱ)离子的分离.     

4类电池装备入选工信部重大环保技术装备目录(2017版)

正2017年12月28日,工业和信息化部联合科技部制定的《国家鼓励发展的重大环保技术装备目录(2017年版)》正式公布。本目录整体上分为研发、应用和推广三大类,各类别下又细分为资源综合利用、土壤污染防治、大气污染防治等领域,各领域有不同的装备入选。其中,有4种类型电池类装备入选本目录,它们分别是废旧动力电池自动化拆解成套装备、废晶体硅太阳能电池板资源回     

含油废水处理的新装置

日本工业技术院化学技术研究所,试制成功太阳能电池处理含乳化油排水装置。该装置利用电解使油水分离,然后分别用装置回收。因为利用太阳能电池处理含油排水,所以几乎不花运行费。     

太阳能电池含氟废酸制备氟硅酸钠工艺研究

以太阳能电池行业含氟废酸为原料,通过投加沉淀法白炭黑将废酸中的氢氟酸转化为氟硅酸,再投加硫酸钠将氟硅酸转化为氟硅酸钠,实现废酸氟的资源化。在白炭黑过量20%,反应温度室温,反应时间30 min,氢氟酸转化率达99.50%。硫酸钠过量20%,反应时间30 min,氟硅酸的去除率大于98%。所得氟硅酸钠产品纯度大于99%,达到氟硅酸钠优等品要求。     

宁德时代邦普循环项目试产

2022年9月27日,宁德时代邦普一体化新能源产业园邦普循环项目试产以及邦普时代项目开工活动在湖北宜昌高新区举行。宁德时代邦普一体化新能源产业园项目总投资320亿元,以新能源汽车动力电池正极材料为核心,整合“磷矿—原料—前驱体—正极材料—电池循环利用”等关键环节,打通电池全生命周期产业链。项目达产后,可为超过400万辆新能源汽车的电池生产提供正极材料配套。     

基于遥感数据反演的南漪湖水质时空变化监测

针对镇域水资源水质检测,在传统监测方法无法满足检测要求时,具有跨时空、大尺度、经济便捷等特点的遥感技术则可以很好地满足需要。以安徽省宣城市的南漪湖为例,以Landsat卫星影像为数据源,精确提取南漪湖水体,根据同期实测水质参数建立反演模型,对湖区内叶绿素a(Chl-a)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)浓度进行定量反演,根据Chl-a反演结果对南漪湖的营养状况进行评价。结果显示,南漪湖目前保持在轻度富营养状态,TP,TN含量超过三类水质标准,水质仍有恶化的趋势,水环境治理工作刻不容缓。     

国内外废旧便携式电池的循环利用比较

便携式电池包括一次电池和二次可充式电池,含有多种有色金属成分,如Ni,Cd,Mn,Li,Co,Cu,,Ag等。我国已成为世界电池生产、消费和出口大国,电池的生产消耗了大量的有色金属资源,其中包括国内紧缺的镍、钴金属等。分析了不同废旧电池的成分,介绍了废旧电池处理的主要方法。通过了解发达国家或地区,如欧盟、日本、美国、加拿大,以及国内在废旧便携式电池管理方面的立法和循环利用现状,发现国内废旧便携式电池的回收管理和循环利用工作存在很大差距。其主要原因是缺乏有效的收集设施,还没有建立基本的回收体系,法律监管力度不够,责任明细不清,公民回收意识薄弱等。     

城市生活垃圾无害化处理及资源化技术与装置通过鉴定

一种“城市生活垃圾无害化处理及资源化技术与装置”(简称FSB),2000年11月26日通过了吉林省科技厅组织的研究成果鉴定。该垃圾处理装置通过采用以垃圾炮、垃圾粉碎机、色分机等装置,配以生产系列环保肥料及建筑材料,实现城市生活垃圾无害化和资源化处理。其中垃圾炮、垃圾粉碎机、色分机的研制成功,属世界首创。 据介绍,FSB法是一种全新的城市生活垃圾全部无害化、资源化的处理方法,其投资仅为焚烧法的1/5至1/10,为卫生填埋法的1/2至1/3,并且无二次污染。 该装置单元生产线日处理能力为50～60吨,在垃圾炮中实现对生活垃圾消毒、灭菌、除臭、水解、减量五大作用。通过垃圾粉碎机可把软硬物同时粉碎到80目以下。再经过有色金属和电池分离器(色分机)将垃圾中的电池、铜、铝、不锈钢分离出去。剩下的无害化原料可生产环保肥料和其他环保制品。 FSB法是中国兵器工业第五五研究所利用高新技术和军转民技术,历时15年的研究和开发,形成了五项专有技术：垃圾炮技术,特殊粉碎技术,电池和有色金属分离技术,30种新型环保肥料配方工艺技术,30种新型建材修路制品配方工艺设备技术。以上五种技术配上分离、烘干、磁分、制肥、建材等生产设备和全套软件,形成一整套工业化、规模化处理生活垃圾的方法,实现了垃圾处理的工厂化。 (侯铁中)     

电力工业应用的气象仪器(续)

六、太阳和地球辐射的测量测量太阳辐射有种种目的:(1)气候和农业上需要;(2)为设计太阳能收集器和储能装置;(3)预报太阳能的可用状况。此外,太阳辐射强度或净辐射通量强度与大气稳定度有密切关系,可提供大气扩散能力的量度。净辐射通量测量还可用来表示白天和     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.