A型导流片在静电除尘器中的应用

静电除尘器内气流分布是影响其脱尘效率的主要因素之一。为提高静电除尘器的除尘效率,国内外学者及工程师利用试验与计算机模拟的方式对如何调节除尘器内的气流分布进行了大量的研究。无论是早期提到的均匀气流法,还是近年来提到的斜气流理论,都提及了使用多孔板调节静电除尘器内气流的方法。但是针对某些静电除尘器及其设计要求来说,单纯的使用孔板进行调节气流已无法满足设计方提出的气流分布指标。在这里A型导流板结合孔板被用来调节静电除尘器气流进口罩内的气流,用以达到优化集尘区气流分布的目的。通过使用数值模拟的方法计算了静电除尘器内三维气流分布状况,对比了针对某静电除尘器项目单独使用多孔板调节气流的分布与使用多孔板与A型导流片相结合调节气流的方法,提出A型导流片在调节静电除尘器气流的优势,及较好的工程应用前景。     

某燃煤电厂锅炉除尘器“电改袋”后问题的数值模拟分析

针对某燃煤电厂除尘器“电改袋”后运行中出现的设备阻力较高、滤袋破损、收尘灰斗灰量不均匀问题进行分析.采用数值模拟分析方法对除尘器内部的气流组织进行模拟试验研究,结合现场实际设备建立了物理模型,对除尘空间颗粒物沉积进行了理论分析,结果表明进入除尘器的颗粒物(200 μm以下)沉降速度低于1.5 m/s.把含尘气体近似为气相气流,采用Realizable κ-ε紊流模型进行该袋式除尘器除尘空间流场计算,结果表明除尘区中间气流平均上升速度达到1.0 m/s,在该上升气流作用下大部分颗粒物难以自然沉积是造成阻力增大的主要原因之一;采用长流程设计除尘空间会造成袋底下部空间的气流速度较大,前大后小,平均相差达到4倍左右,造成滤袋收尘量后移,它是造成滤袋破损和阻力升高的主要原因;各仓室流量分配相差11％～13％及各仓室滤袋流量分配不均容易造成局部滤袋破损几率增高.     

燃煤电厂电改袋式除尘器气流分布数值分析

利用CFD方法对燃煤电厂电改袋式除尘器气流分布进行数值分析,给出了袋式除尘器箱体流量分配,每个滤袋单元处理风量、滤袋迎面气流速度大小和分布.数值分析结果与模型试验、现场测试结果基本吻合,可作为除尘器结构设计优化的依据.     

介绍一种除尘新技术——荷电水雾除尘器

介绍了荷电水雾除尘器的工作原理,着重分析了荷电水雾除尘器对静电除尘器及湿式除尘器缺点的弥补,同时介绍了荷电水雾除尘器的性能特点及其不足之处.     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％;靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

袋式除尘器喷吹管内气流数值模拟分析

采用流体动力学CFD软件对脉冲袋式除尘器中喷吹管内气流进行数值模拟分析,给出了喷吹管内静压、气流速度分布、脉冲喷吹时喷吹口内气体质量流量,分析了喷吹口内气流速度的方向,为袋式除尘器喷吹系统的改进和设计提供理论依据.     

电袋复合除尘器气流分布技术及评判标准研究

从电袋复合除尘器的基本原理出发,提出对其进行气流组织的三个关键点,并从理论上对影响电袋复合除尘器性能的烟气冲刷速度、逆重力向速度分量（CANE速度）、静电区除尘效率、静电区气流均匀性系数、净气室及出口烟道的设计等方面进行了研究。     

燃煤电厂烟尘超低排放技术措施研究

针对越来越严格的环保要求,介绍了原有的除尘技术,并对除尘器新技术改造方案进行了说明,其中重点对电袋复合代替静电除尘技术、在静电除尘器中增置旋转电极、更改工频电源为高频电源、在电除尘器前加装低温换热器、脱硫后增加湿式电除尘器技术等方案进行比较分析。为了达到超低排放要求,对不同的烟尘超低排放实践工艺进行了说明,并结合东部沿海地区可再生能源发展空间有限的实际情况,提出加快推广超低排放技术在现有燃煤电厂的应用,实现传统煤电产业和环保产业的转型升级。     

旋风除尘器的性能及改进方案

介绍了旋风除尘器内部流场和除尘机理。针对旋风除尘器除尘效率问题分析、总结了现有的改进方法，指出了存在的不足，并结合前人的改进思路提出了新的改进方案，以提高旋风除尘器的分离效率，为进一步挖掘旋风除尘器的潜在性能开辟新的思路。     

循环流化床锅炉配套复合式静电多管除尘器

内蒙古锡林浩特热电有限责任公司将原铸铁多管除尘器改造为陶瓷多管除尘器，并对陶瓷管的布置方式和数量进行合理设计，提高了多管除尘器的除尘效率，同时，在陶瓷多管除尘器出口串联1台60m^2的1室2电场静电除尘器，组合成复合式静电多管除尘器。运行结果表明，此改造不仅解决了原除尘器存在的诸多问题，还节省了大量资金。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.