富阳市实施总量排污收费制度见成效

富阳市作为杭州市七县（市）之一，被列入总量排污收费试点市，自1997年7月开始开展总量排污收费工作，至1999年6月，全市已有约1018家单位缴纳总量排污费，其中工业企业762家，工业企业中私营个体企业700家。征收机动车排污费128万元。全市共征收总量排污费1180万元，征收私营个体企业排污费980万元，占排污费总额的83％。总量排污收费与原超标排污费相比，全市收费总额提高100％。从试点工作1年来的情况看，绝大部分缴费单位对总量排污收费是积极支持和比较配合的，总量排污收费的开展，对促进“一控双达标”和污染防治工作，改善环境质量…     

加强经济欠发达地区乡镇企业排污收费工作的探讨

根据经济欠发达地区乡镇企业排污收费工作的特点及难点，健全地方法规；加强排污收费队伍建设；增加排污收费透明度，实行阳光收费；科学制定工作程序，使其规范化、制度化、程序化，将对同类地区执法收费具有一定指导意义。     

基层征收排污费存在的问题和对策

根据对烟台市4个区域的排污收费情况调查，总结了排污收费在基层执行过程中存在的问题，针对存在的问题，依据国家法规，结合工作实践和经验，提出采取强化排污收费、建立先进的管理体系和科学的收费程序、强化现代化手段、加强法规、标准建设等措施，以推进排污收费工作的新顺利开展。     

实施船舶污染管理排污收费制度的探讨

排污收费制度在我国船舶运输中尚未实施。本文分析了船舶造成的环境污染，依据我国排污收费有关制度，论述了实施船舶排污收费的必要性、可行性，并对实施船舶排污收费提出了有关建议。     

市场经济下如何搞好排污收费

排污收费制度作为我国环境保护的一项重要的经济政策，普遍实行已经有十三年了。十三年的收费实践表明，排污收费制度适合中国的国情，对环保事业的发展起到了很大作用，具有很强的生命力。中国的排污收费制度已经成为具有中国特色的环境保护工作的重要组成部分和标志。但是，随着我国经济体制向社金主义市场经济迈进，排污收费制度也需要不断发展。那么，在市场经济下，如何搞好排污收费，使排污收罚在环保事业中发挥更大的作用呢？笔者作如下探讨：一、加强和完善排污收费的法制建设市场经济在另一种意义上就是法制经济。为了维护经济秩序…     

柜台收费的初步尝试

“柜台收费”是指排污单位按环保部门下达的《排污收费通知单》中列出的数额和规定时限，到其指定的收费处缴纳排污费。一、实行柜台式征收排污费的必要性与基本程序征收排污费形式基本经历了定收、划拨、和托收3个阶段。实践证明．这3种收费形式对促进当时的排污收费工作起到了积极的推动作用。随着时间的推移，也暴露出一些弊端。比如走收排污费．一是容易发生人情赞、议价费和征收人员吃喝等不廉洁行为，既少收了排污费，又使我们这支年轻的执法队伍受到腐蚀；二是体制原因，往往为收一次费．收费人员往返多次，既消耗了大量人力、物力．…     

谈排污收费原则的落脚点

“依法、科学、全面、足额”是征收排污费的工作原则。几年来，在这一原则指导下，我们通化环保局增加征费手段和措施，强化征费的力度，同时还进一步明确了征收排污费工作的标准及具体要求。能否做到“依法、科学、全面、足额”地征收排污费，关键要找准这一原则的落脚点。在实践中，我认为落脚点应该是：依法收费，程序分明；科学收费，数据为凭；全面收费，底数要清；足额收费，不拘私情。一、依法收费程序分明排污收费有法可依，这一点已被人们所认识，但执法不严征费困难的现象也是较普遍存在的。要从根本上树立依法征缴排污费的形象，…     

程序化征收排污费的研究与实践

本文论述了征收排污费必须转变观念，在一些单位柜台收费报导的启发下，本文提出了征收排污费的征收程序，主要包括通知程序的处罚程序两大部分。将程序以法律文本形式固定后，通知各排污单位。实行收费程序化以后，对新增单位收费成功率达到９０％以上，取得了较好的效果。     

浅谈总量排污收费宜采用的方式

本文简要叙述了实行总量排污收费的必要性，并着重从“总量”概念、监测要求、所起作用和企业排污情况等4个方面对比分析了总量单因子和总量多因子收费的优缺点，从而提出了一种适合我国国情的总量排污收费形式。     

开展排污收费的几点体会

排污收费是我国环境管理新老八项制度中一项主要制度。多年来．它对促进企业、事业单位加强经营管理，节约和综合利用能源，治理污染．改善环境质量．起到积极的促进作用．对我国的环保事业起到了有效的保障和推动作用。但如何进一步完善这项制度，做好排污费的征收工作，则需要我们每个监理部队每一个环境监理人员在收费实践中认真探讨，不断总结。通过排污收费的实践，概括起来我们的认识和体会是：排污收费有成饮；法规宣传不可少；强化执法要抓好；各种关系要协调；自身建设最重要。一、采取多种形式宣传排污收费当前．确实有一部分企事…     

Can oligopsony power be measured? The case of U.S. old newspapers market

This paper uses an index analogous to Lerner-index in the input market to derive a price–cost margin that measures input exploitation by few large buyers. This paper identifies oligopsony characteristics associated with the old newspaper (ONP) input market for recycled-content newsprint manufacture and then examines the impacts of market performances on ONP input prices. The wastepaper recycling market, in particular, ONP has not been successful in utilizing the ONP generated. The existence of high sunk costs for entry to the market, along with the small numbers of buyers in the old newspapers market, were the reasons to believe that the waste paper industry had oligopsony elements among paper recycling mills. The regional oligopsony/oligopoly indices were derived and the impact of these market powers on ONP input prices were examined for period 1972–1995. The findings of this study were: oligopsony elements were present to certain degrees among the recycled-content newsprint manufacturers; and the oligopsony market power enabled these mills to exert a larger price–cost margin on ONP input market.     

碳市场和电力市场耦合研究

低碳化、清洁化是我国电力行业未来发展的方向。碳市场启动,电力作为试点行业,碳市场和电力市场面临着协调和融合问题。为研究碳市场和电力市场的耦合关系,本文首先分析了碳市场机制的成本节约效应以及与电力市场改革的互动效应;然后给出考虑碳排放价格的电力市场发电电能成本模型——LCOEe;最后以广东省为例,对广东碳市场碳价传导至电价设定情景并进行模拟分析。结果显示,碳市场和电力市场存在相互制约的关系,碳排放外部成本内部化影响电力市场出清电价,而电力市场能够缓解碳市场的减排压力,抑制碳市场的活跃度。两市场的耦合研究对于优化电源结构、促进新能源市场的发展,以及启发政策制定者重视两大市场的协同发展具有非常重要的现实意义。     

Some economic aspects of the world coal market

The basic intention of this paper is to present some new economic results pertaining to the world coal market. These results deal principally with the effect of devaluations on production; the effect of ‘volume’ and depletion on the calculation of marginal cost; and price formation in a stock flow market. Observations are also made in the paper concerning the use of combined cycle technology in coal based power plants, and present supply-demand trends in the world coal market, to include the development of (sea) freight rates.     

Measurement of market power for the environmentally regulated Korean iron and steel manufacturing industry

For industries in which where market prices of certain inputs are not available, measuring the degree of market power by using the markup over the marginal market cost may be inappropriate. With regard to the Korean iron and steel manufacturing industry, which is subject to environmental regulations, the calculation of the price of abatement capital is hindered by a lack of relevant data. To increase the reliability of market power markups, this paper estimates the restricted cost function in which abatement capital is assumed to be quasi-fixed at an optimal level and the supply relation. The degree of market power for the industry, measured as the ratio of the estimated market power markup to the supply price, was estimated to be 0.54 on average between 1982 and 2001. The results indicate that ignoring environmental regulations can overstate the degree of market power by approximately 12%.     

Transaction costs and sequential bargaining in transferable discharge permit markets

Market-type mechanisms have been introduced and are being explored for various environmental programs. Several existing programs, however, have not attained the cost savings that were initially projected. Modeling that acknowledges the role of transactions costs and the discrete, bilateral, and sequential manner in which trades are executed should provide a more realistic basis for calculating potential cost savings. This paper presents empirical evidence on potential cost savings by examining a market for the abatement of sediment from farmland. Empirical results based on a market simulation model find no statistically significant change in mean abatement costs under several transaction cost levels when contracts are randomly executed. An alternative method of contract execution, gain-ranked, yields similar results. At the highest transaction cost level studied, trading reduces the total cost of compliance relative to a uniform standard that reflects current regulations.     

试论高校人才成本的核算(摘要)

如何建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的高等教育成本核算模式,是一个亟需研究的全新课题.本文紧紧围绕"高校人才成本核算"一这主题,集中论述了什么是人才成本、为什么要进行人才成本的核算、怎样进行人才成本核算等几个必须研究解决的问题,以期能找出一条全面核算高校人才成本的可行之路.     

Composite market design for a Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP) system

There has been a great deal of interest in addressing water quality issues through the use of Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP) systems. Unfortunately, the attempts to start up permit markets that are able to exploit abatement cost differences between sources have not met with the success expected. Two of the reasons for the lack of success have been the problem of transaction costs and in the case of non-point sources (NPS), undefined property rights. The composite market design is a proposal for a TDP system that specifically includes agricultural non-point source (NPS) discharges and addresses both property rights and transaction cost problems. The composite market consists of three interrelated markets each serving a particular function. The two primary markets are coordinated through price information that makes it possible for a catchment-based authority to issue (sell) permits based on the marginal cost of abatement. When the composite market is mature, the total number of permits issued corresponds to a cap on discharges allowed in the catchment. The structure of the composite market allows this system to be phased in over time with existing institutions and limited demands on financing.     

The Worldwide Availability of Fluorspar

This paper reviews a recent assessment of fluorspar reserves and resources for 13 market economy countries and the People's Republic of China, and how they relate to the overall availability of fluorspar on the world market. Current world production, consumption and world trade issues are discussed.
Nearly 5 million tonnes of fluorspar were produced in 1985, and approximately 60% of that enters the world export market. In recent years world trade has started to shift away from the acid, metallurgical and ceramic grades of fluorspar, as ore-producing countries look towards higher-value downstream products.
Total potentially recoverable fluorspar from 52 major producing mines and deposits is estimated at nearly 95 million tonnes (as of January 1985). The Republic of South Africa accounts for 31% of the reserves, with Mexico and the People's Republic of China each contributing 18%.
The average total cost and availability of fluorspar is evaluated. Approximately 75% of acid-grade fluorspar evaluated is potentially available at or below a 1985 constant-dollar cost of US$110 tonne⁻¹. Nearly 94% of metallurgical grades are potentially available at costs of US$75 tonne⁻¹ and below, and virtually all of the ceramic grades could be produced at costs below the 1985 reported market price of US$103 tonne⁻¹.     

Pricing behaviour and market power in North American non-ferrous metal industries

The paper considers the degree to which declining market power explains modifications in pricing behaviour observed since the late 1970s in the North American aluminium, copper, lead and zinc industries. More precisely, it relates those changes in pricing policies to the price elasticity of demand facing the dominant strategic group in each industry, the cost elasticity of supply and to the management's ability to coordinate or internalize conduct decisions. The results suggest that the firms in the copper and lead industries do not hold as a group any form of market power. In the case of the aluminum industry, a notable increase in the price elasticity of demand since the end of the 1970s, a sustained decrease in the concentration ratio and a rigid production process are weakening the presence of market power in that industry. The results are inconclusive in the case of the zinc industry since the determinants of market power move in opposite directions.     

基于市场机制的农产品生态敏感度识别与政策建议——以云南西双版纳为例

关于生态农业的研究,已经在农学、生物学、地理学等领域积累了丰硕的成果。但是,这些研究大都着眼于生态农业的生产过程,即更多关注供给的角度,而很少从需求的角度来分析。本文从市场机制的角度出发,构建了消费者偏好与生产者策略的"传导模型",依据消费者对农产品生态敏感度的不同对其进行区分。对于"生态不敏感"的农产品,消费者对产品的生态敏感度低,这一偏好通过价格信号传导到生产者,使生产者采取大规模标准化的生产策略,对生态环境造成损耗;对于"生态强敏感"的农产品,消费者对产品的生态敏感度高,这一偏好能够通过价格信号传导到生产者,并使生产者采取生态化生产的策略,是绿色可持续的;对于"生态弱敏感"的农产品,市场存在分层现象,使得上述两种传导机制同时并存。消费者的偏好与愿意支付的溢价,生产者采用生态化生产方式的成本,以及证明产品品质的交易费用,是决定农产品生产能否在市场环境下自发实现绿色可持续的三个关键环节。培育绿色消费观念、提高生态农业的产出、健全产品质量监督体系是促进生态农业发展的三个着力点。