管材对供水管网生物膜微生物种群多样性的影响

研究了3种管材(灰口铸铁管、镀锌管和不锈钢复合管)对管网生物膜微生物种群多样性的影响.采用R2A平板培养计数可培养细菌、荧光定量PCR计数细菌总数、流式细胞法确定活菌比例、扫描电镜观察生物膜形态,高通量测序研究管段生物膜微生物种群多样性.研究结果表明:灰口铸铁管可培养菌数和细菌总数都最高,其次是镀锌管,不锈钢复合管可培养菌数和细菌总数都最少,但活菌比例方面镀锌管活菌比例高于灰口铸铁管和不锈钢复合管.扫描电镜结果与可培养菌数及细菌总数结果一致,即灰口铸铁管细菌量最高,不同管材管壁生物膜细菌形态皆以球菌和杆菌为主,并无显著差异.微生物种群多样性结果显示:灰口铸铁管生物膜种群多样性最高,镀锌管生物膜种群多样性相对较为单一,不锈钢复合管生物膜种群多样性最低.饮用水管网生物膜种群以变形菌门为主,各管道变形菌门都高达90%以上,不同管材生物膜细菌群落组成有很大差异.本研究结果对今后饮用水供水管段材料的选取具有指导性意义.     

Study of 4-t-octylphenol degradation and microbial community in granular sludge

In this study, the authors have investigated the effects of various factors on both aerobic and anaerobic degradation of 4-t-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in granular sludge. In comparison, the aerobic degradation rate was much higher than that of anaerobic degradation. The optimal pH values for 4-t-OP degradation in granular sludge were 9 and 7 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. And the degradation rate decreased with an increase in the initial 4-t-OP concentration. Addition of yeast extract or homologous compounds such as phenol also enhanced the 4-t-OP degradation, especially under the aerobic condition. To investigate the bacterial community in this study, the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） method was applied, based on the primers, for the 16S rDNA V3 region of bacteria, γ-proteobacteria and bacillus were identified as the major species of sludge.     

渗滤液对不同管材的结垢性腐蚀研究

渗滤液成分复杂,在收集和输运过程中极易引起管道结垢腐蚀,对环境形成潜在风险。选取4种典型管材,包括钢管、镀锌管、HDPE管和PVC管作为实验管材,制备样片后分别浸置于有氧和厌氧条件控制下的渗滤液中,研究其耐腐蚀性能。通过样片称重分析,结合材料性能表征,发现材料结垢量、腐蚀程度与其表面粗糙度显著相关;通过样片的结垢性腐蚀程度分析,4种材料的优劣顺序为HDPE > PVC > 镀锌管 > 钢管。研究结果对渗滤液收集输运系统管材选择及保障填埋场安全运营具有一定指导意义。     

曝气压力对MABR中同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,探讨膜曝气生物反应器(MABR)推流运行时不同曝气压力下不同点位分布的溶解氧值特征;利用MABR可形成好氧/缺氧/厌氧的环境特性,针对曝气压力对MABR同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响进行研究,借助微生物鉴定手段对MABR的群落结构进行分析。研究结果表明:相同曝气压力下的DO值,轴向上波动较大,径向上以曝气膜为中心向外部逐渐降低;随着曝气压力的增加,不同点位分布的DO值均提高,同步硝化反硝化效率先升高后降低。当曝气压力为0.04MPa时出水的同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果最佳为74.67%。在此曝气压力下,微生物群落鉴定证明生物膜内出现了好氧-兼氧的分层现象,生物膜内由好氧菌、兼氧菌共同完成硝化、反硝化过程,主体液料由厌氧菌作为优势菌群进行反硝化作用,并且根据未检测出厌氧氨氧菌的鉴定结果排除发生厌氧氨氧化的干扰。     

红树林湿地中好氧-厌氧反硝化菌脱氮特性及其种群结构分析

随着沿岸水体氮素富营养化的加剧,生物脱氮作用越来越受重视,位于海陆交界的湿地红树林生态系统作为一个自然脱氮体系备受关注.本研究以典型亚热带湿地红树林(香港Mai Po)作为对象,结合传统的富集筛选和分子生物学方法--建立nosZ基因克隆文库和RFLP分析技术对红树林沉积物中反硝化细菌脱氮能力、种群结构和丰度进行研究.从Mai Po红树林沉积物中共筛选到12株好氧反硝化菌和8株厌氧反硝化菌,其中好氧反硝化菌包括Pseudomonas(4株)、Comamonas(2株)和Acinetobacter(2株)等7个菌属,厌氧反硝化菌属于Pseudomonas、Agrobacterium和Uncultured Betaproteobacteria bacterium(2株)等7个菌属.筛选到的好氧和厌氧反硝化菌均具有较高的脱氮能力,大部分在2d内NO3--N去除率达到98%以上.建立Mai Po红树林湿地反硝化细菌的nosZ基因克隆文库的结果表明,反硝化细菌的50个克隆子中有26个克隆子分属于11个未知类群,其余克隆子属于Pennisetum类群(26%),β-proteobacterium类群(10%),Entandrophragma类群(4%),Pseudomonas类群(4%)和denitrifying bacterium类群(4%).可见Mai Po红树林中反硝化细菌具有很高的生物多样性.     

BP-1生物降解群落结构解析及关键功能菌的降解效能评估

生物降解是有机污染物去除的重要途径,为探究环境中微生物对2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮（2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone,BP-1）的降解能力,本文以BP-1为唯一碳源,设置好氧和厌氧条件分别驯化富集功能菌群,通过高通量测序技术深度解析群落多样性及功能菌群,在此基础上筛选关键功能菌,并评估其降解效能.结果显示,好氧降解是BP-1降解的主要途径,BP-1在好氧处理系统中的降解速率是厌氧体系的2.74倍.好氧体系中微生物群落多样性显著高于厌氧体系,变形菌门（Proteobacteria,40.66%）是好氧体系中的优势菌门,红环菌目（Rhodocyclales,28.15%）、假单胞菌目（Pseudomonadales,3.11%）、鞘氨醇菌目（Sphingomonadales,2.22%）是变形菌门中占优势地位的菌目.采用选择性培养基从好氧驯化污泥中筛选获得4株BP-1降解菌,经鉴定分别为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methylotrophicus） BP1.1、解淀粉酶芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens） BP1.2、红球菌（Rhodococcus sp.） BP1.3和鞘氨醇单胞菌（Sphingomonas sp.） BP1.4,其中甲基营养型芽孢杆菌BP1.1降解速率最快,在6 h内对BP-1的降解率高达99.9%,显著降低了BP-1引起的急性毒性和类雌激素效应,为高效去除废水中BP-1提供了微生物种质资源.     

大庆聚驱后油藏内源微生物群落结构解析与分布特征研究

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术和主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)解析了大庆油田聚驱后油藏的细菌和古菌群落结构组成及分布特征.结果表明,注水井中的细菌主要以好氧的假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属为主,注水井近井地带以兼性厌氧的肠杆菌属为主,各采油井中的细菌则包括陶厄氏菌属、梭菌纲、假单胞菌属、油杆菌属及大量的未培养细菌;各注水井及注水井近井地带检测到的古菌主要是乙酸型产甲烷的甲烷鬃菌,各采油井中古菌则以甲烷微菌属、甲烷螺菌属及甲烷杆菌属等为主.总体上,该聚驱区块从注水井到采油井,细菌优势菌群依次呈好氧细菌-兼性厌氧细菌-严格厌氧细菌分布;古菌的分布受环境因素及微生物代谢产物影响,注水井和采油井中的优势菌群差异显著.     

天津钢管公司乳化液循环使用处理装置的研制

采用两级气浮 过滤 杀菌处理无缝钢管加工过程中的乳化液 ,去除油污、铁屑、泥渣、悬浮物、细菌 ,使之循环使用 ,保证钢管加工质量 ,节省乳化液费用     

Biotransformation of nonylphenol ethoxylates during sewage treatment under anaerobic and aerobic conditions

Biotransformation of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) during continuous anaerobic sewage treatment was compared with the aerobic treatment of sewage spiked with 23 μmol/L technical NPEOs over a period of 90 d. Immediate degradation of NPEOs was observed under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, indicating that the enzymes and bacteria required for NPEO degradation existed abundantly in both aerobic and anaerobic sludge. Both treatments achieved high removal (＞92%) of the spiked NPEO9 mixture.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that short-chain NPEOs (NPEO1-NPEO3) accumulated in anaerobic (2.01-2.56 μmol/L) and aerobic (1.62-2.03 μmol/L) effluents, with nonylphenol (NP) (0.24-0.31 μmol/L) as another group of metabolites in the anaerobic effluent, and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) (2.79-3.30 μmol/L) in the aerobic effluent. Significant accumulation of NP in the anaerobic sludge and NPEO1-3 in the sludge of two reactors was observed. These results indicated that it was difficult to control these harmful metabolites in the conventional treatment processes. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of sludge samples support the speculation that the NPEO degradation bacteria might be the dominant indigenous species.     

北京市模拟给水管网管壁微生物膜群落分析

以北京市模拟给水管网管壁微生物膜为研究对象,采用HPC(异养菌平板计数)和PCR-SSCP(单链构象多态性)方法,分析模拟给水管网管壁微生物膜异养菌数目和微生物群落结构.结果表明,在相同流速条件下,镀锌钢管的管壁微生物数量约为PVC管的5倍.在相同材质的镀锌钢管内,死水区的HPC计数量约为0.6m·s-1,是流速区的1/5.计数结果的差异可能与不同材质表面的光滑度及流速造成微生物生长所需的氧气和营养基质不同有关.而不同材质和不同流速区微生物群落的SSCP电泳图谱则显示为一样,均在相同位置出现同样条带.测序结果显示, SSCP电泳图中的3条带与蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus, GenBank登录号为AB190077)、假单胞菌(Peudomonas sp.yged143, GenBank登录号为EF419342)和未分类细菌(Bacterium UASWS0134, GenBank登录号为DQ190347)的同源性分别为100%、99%和94%.测序结果的一致性可能与取样点为同一模拟管网,距离比较接近,不同微生物容易在其中流动和转移有关.而潜在致病菌蜡状芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌的存在则提示应该更加重视饮用水的微生物安全性.     

活性翠蓝生物降解性能的试验研究

通过试验比较了厌氧、好氧条件下活性污泥对活性翠蓝的生物降解机理、降解能力及受葡萄糖浓度影响的情况.结果表明厌氧菌不能单独降解活性翠蓝,只能通过共代谢作用降解活性翠蓝;而好氧菌既可以单独降解活性翠蓝(以活性翠蓝为唯一碳源时,20mg/L活性翠蓝的24h好氧降解率为37.4%),也可以通过共代谢作用降解活性翠蓝.葡萄糖浓度的升高对提高活性翠蓝的厌氧、好氧生物降解率均有利,当葡萄糖浓度为1200mg/L时,20mg/L活性翠蓝的24h厌氧、好氧降解率分别达到81.5%、73.6%.活性翠蓝浓度对厌氧菌、好氧菌的生物降解能力也有影响.当葡萄糖浓度分别为800mg/L、1200mg/L,活性翠蓝(浓度为20～100mg/L)的厌氧降解率比好氧降解率高4.9%～27.2%,说明厌氧菌对活性翠蓝的降解能力比好氧菌更强.     

利用磷脂脂肪酸表征人工湿地微生物群落结构

通过磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)分析,研究了复合垂直流人工湿地基质剖面的微生物群落结构及其分布特征.结果表明,湿地PLFAs组成以饱和脂肪酸、支链脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸为主,多不饱和脂肪酸与环丙烷脂肪酸含量较少.特征脂肪酸的比值呈垂直分布.基质中好氧原核微生物为优势类群,其次为革兰氏阳性细菌及其他厌氧细菌,真核微生物所占比例最低.统计结果显示,好氧原核微生物的特征PLFAs相对含量在上行池表层最高;革兰氏阳性细菌、SRB及其他厌氧细菌的特征PLFAs相对含量在下行池中层显著高于其他位点,指示该区域为湿地系统主要的兼性厌氧功能区.     

SBR中短程反硝化除磷菌的培养驯化研究

以周期运行培养方式在间隙反应器中驯化以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷菌,并比较了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时反硝化除磷的效果.结果表明,经厌氧/好氧+厌氧/缺氧(连续投加硝酸盐)+厌氧/缺氧/好氧(连续投加亚硝酸盐)方式成功筛选出能以亚硝酸盐作电子受体的反硝化除磷菌,该系统磷的去除率可达88.62％;在外加硝酸盐,...     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

生物—物理化学法处理制浆黑液的试验研究

采用酸中和—厌氧—好氧—生物活性炭或化学混凝综合法处理制浆黑液,探讨了酸中和处理的影响因素及厌氧处理对后段好氧处理的影响.结果表明:两种综合处理工艺对黑液中木质素及COD_(Cr)的去除有显著效果;厌氧处理比好氧处理对木质素的降解更为有利.     

石油污染对场地中细菌群落的影响及其反馈机制

石油污染场地细菌群落的组成与分布差异性较大,且受多种因素影响.石油污染过程如何驱动场地中细菌群落变化仍然不明确,石油污染场地的细菌群落组装过程仍待研究.为了探明石油污染场地细菌群落结构及其与污染物之间的关系,以甘肃省某石化场地为研究区域,调查了油泥、石油污染土壤、未污染土壤及受污染含水层中沉积物的石油浓度、细菌群落结构多样性及其群落组装过程.结果表明:在好氧环境下,高石油浓度的油泥环境可以选择出具有降解石油能力的基因型（alkB基因和nah基因）,油泥环境中好氧降解基因拷贝数高达107 copies/g;而在含水层沉积物等厌氧环境下,好氧降解石油的基因拷贝数仅为106 copies/g,ass和bamA等厌氧降解基因也没有在厌氧环境中得到高效表达.石油污染土壤后,细菌群落的α-多样性降低,且与石油浓度呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）.与未污染土壤相比,油泥和受污染沉积物中细菌群落α-多样性降低了50%左右,而石油污染土壤中细菌群落的α-多样性降低了大约33%.在油泥、石油污染土壤和未污染土壤等地表环境中,群落组装主要受多样化和漂变等随机性过程主导,而与污染程度无关.在受污染含水层沉积物等厌氧环境中,微生物的群落组装主要受环境选择、种间竞争等确定性过程主导.研究显示,石油污染场地中的细菌群落多样性主要受石油浓度驱动,但是其对环境的反馈,例如降解基因的选择、群落组装过程等则需要较高的石油浓度才有所显示.      

准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的脱氮菌群研究

为探明准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理,采用最大或然数计数法以及一系列的生化试验和镜检照片,研究了床层不同高度脱氮菌的数量和菌群结构.结果表明:床内亚硝化菌、硝化菌、厌氧反硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的平均数量分别为5.3×106,7.5×106,6.9×103和2.5×105 g-1,亚硝化菌、硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的表层和底部,厌氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的中部;从床内共分离出3株亚硝化菌,6株硝化菌,5株厌氧反硝化菌和6株好氧反硝化菌.准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理为同步硝化反硝化,主要发生在反应床的表层和底部.      

分散染料neocron black(NB)的生物降解特性

在好氧、厌氧、好氧/厌氧交替条件下,采用活性污泥系统生物处理分散染料neocron black(NB),研究分散染料NB在需氧或者厌氧状态下的生物降解特性以及外加碳源对其生物降解特性的影响,并全波段扫描和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS),初步探讨该染料的生物降解过程.结果表明,NB染料在好氧条件下降解效率最高,厌氧/好氧交替条件次之,厌氧条件下染料降解效率最低.随着NB染料浓度的增加,由于染料和中间代谢产物的抑制作用,微生物对染料的降解效率逐渐下降.添加易生物降解碳源可以促进NB染料的生物降解过程,并改变生物降解过程的动力学特征.全波段扫描和GC-MS测定结果显示,NB染料经过生物降解作用后,发色基团得到较彻底降解,NB染料生物降解中间产物有2,4-二硝基苯胺、2-氰基-4-硝基苯胺、对硝基苯胺等.     

厌氧氨氧化UASB系统对氨氮的超量去除机制研究

采用UASB反应器在改变NO₂^--N/NH₄⁺-N比条件下,考察厌氧氨氧化系统对NH₄⁺-N的超量去除特征、相关酶的催化活性以及污泥菌群结构.结果表明,随着进水NO₂^--N浓度降低,反应器对NH₄⁺-N的去除量相比理论较大,在停供NO₂^--N情况下,反应器内NH₄⁺-N去除可达55 mg/L.反应器内NH₄⁺-N的去除并不是是来自进水中SO₄^2-和Fe³⁺/EDTA络合物,而是存在NH₄⁺-N的好氧硝化.过氧化氢酶测定联合分子生物学技术分析显示,好氧硝化的所需氧量分别来自进水和过氧化氢酶产氧.反应器底部污泥层的氨氧化菌（AOB）、厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）活性优于上部污泥层,相反,上部污泥层的异养反硝化菌（HDB）活性优于底部污泥层,二者协同将NH₄⁺-N转化为N₂.     

Enrichment, isolation and identification of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from sulfide removing bioreactor

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are the main microorganisms that participate in the natural sulfur cycle. To obtain SOBwith high sulfur-oxidizing ability under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, aerobic and anaerobic enrichmentswere carried out. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that the microbial community changed according to the thiosulfate utilizationduring enrichments, and Rhodopseudomonas and Halothiobacilluswere the predominant bacteria in anaerobic enrichment and aerobic enrichment, respectively,which mainly contributed to the thiosulfate oxidization in the enrichments. Based on the enriched cultures, six isolateswere isolated from the aerobic enrichment and four isolateswere obtained from the anaerobic enrichment. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the 16S rRNA gene of isolates belonged to the genus Acinetobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Halothiobacillus,0chrobactrum, Paracoccus, Thiobacillus, and Alcaligenes, respectively. The tests suggested isolates related to Halothiobacillus and Rhodopseudomonas had the highest thiosulfate oxidizing ability under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, respectively; Paracoccus and Alcaligenes could aerobically and anaerobically oxidize thiosulfate. Based on the DGGE and thiosulfate oxidizing ability analysis, Rhodopseudomonas and Halothiobacilluswere found to be the main SOB in the sulfide-removing reactor, andwere responsible for the sulfur-oxidizing in the treatment system.