输油站的安全管理与消防

从输油站安全管理的方针、目的、管理对象及内容等方面进行分析和阐述,提出了预防输油站事故发生的技术措施和管理措施,可为输油站安全运营提供参考。     

安全文化在复杂社会技术系统安全控制中的作用

随着复杂社会技术系统的发展 ,安全文化对于系统的安全运行越来越重要。安全文化是人们关于安全问题的价值观、态度及行为方式的集合体。人们往往在态度与价值观层次上利用问卷调查的形式探讨安全文化的维度结构 ,从而指导实践。安全文化在个体层面上通过影响安全绩效的决定因素来影响安全绩效 ,而从组织事故发生的路径来看 ,不良安全文化影响各级防御措施中的人与设备 ,是造成各种潜在失效和现行失效的根因。系统的安全控制应该充分利用安全文化进行管理 ,积极地推动安全文化建设 ,引导组织控制向社会控制转变 ,并且合理地应用安全文化评估进行组织前馈 ,从而更好地预防事故的发生     

石油钻井作业的安全葡萄图管理技术

石油钻井作业是一个高风险行业,其风险具有严重性、突发性、隐蔽性、随机性的特点,是石油石化行业中最主要的事故频发区之一.震惊世界的“12.23”事故以后,在国家和企业安全生产的指导与监督下,事故较以前明显减少,但钻井作业的特点决定了其风险因素不会被消除,只能通过人的因素去预防事故发生.安全葡萄图从人的因素考虑,结合了人体生物节律与葡萄图两者的优点,除了具有葡萄图的特点外,还具有预测性、记录性和选拔性,是安全管理方面的一种新方法.安全葡萄图是一种以人为本的安全管理方法,通过加强人员安全管理来减少和消除事故隐患的目的.该方法简单实用,适合于钻井等高风险行业使用.     

交通运输企业交通事故法律适用问题探讨

交通运输企业的交通运输事故法律适用问题引起了社会广泛争议。如不明确这个问题,对于执法主体、执法权限就不能明确,既会产生安全管理的盲区,有时候也会损害企业的相关权益。文章对《中华人民共和国安全生产法》适用范围条款进行了分析解读,阐明道路交通运输企业的交通运输安全问题既适用《安全生产法》,也适用《道路交通安全法》,二法之间不会有交叉,更不会产生冲突;同时也对道路交通事故的属性进行了分析,并探讨了交通运输企业交通事故的法律适用问题。     

用物理—事理—人理的方法研究运输安全系统

安全是交通运输发展的根本保障 ,用系统工程的方法研究运输安全 ,会使交通运输安全系统工程问题得到更好的解决 ,并会促进交通运输业的发展。笔者采用系统工程的物理 -事理 -人理 (WSR)的方法对交通运输安全进行了综合研究 ,给出了具体方法和步骤     

我国铁路笨零货物运输安全管理对策研究

铁路笨零货物运输安全问题一直是铁路运输企业在安全方面十分关心的问题之一。近几年出现的几次因笨零货物装载不当引起的铁路运输事故 ,使得笨零运输安全问题更加引人注意。笔者分析了我国铁路笨零货物运输中存在的问题 ,包括管理工作 ,偏载偏重问题 ,车辆技术状态 ,笨零货物的装载加固 ,职工激励机制 ,货运员素质等 5方面 ,主要从优化笨零货物作业环节 ,改进笨零货运组织方法 ,注重安全第一 ,完善激励机制 ,加强理论及硬件建设等 7个方面提出了对策。     

基于N-K模型的海上交通安全风险因素耦合分析

为定量分析海上交通安全风险因素间的影响关系,识别导致海上交通事故的关键因素,分别从单因素、双因素和多因素的角度分析了人、船、环境、管理等风险因素间的耦合关系,运用N-K模型构建了海上交通安全风险耦合度量模型,结合中国海事局、德国联邦海事事故调查局、英国船舶事故调查局和美国国家运输安全委员会等海事调查机构公布的710起海上交通事故,利用所构建的模型计算出不同风险耦合的发生概率和风险值。结果表明:风险耦合因素越多,海上交通事故的发生概率越高;人的因素是引发海上交通事故的重要原因。     

铁路运输安全事故灰色预测方法研究

近年来 ,我国铁路运输发展迅猛 ,尤其是列车运行多次提速 ,列车运行密度加大 ,对铁路运输安全管理不断提出了新的要求。依靠科技进步 ,尽量防止或减少安全事故的发生 ,要应用安全信息技术 ,使安全管理人员对铁路运输安全现状及未来事故发展趋势有所了解 ,提高安全防范意识及事故处理能力 ,同时还要不断提高员工的安全意识和安全文化素质 ,这些方法对于提高安全管理水平 ,降低事故的发生 ,保护人民的生命安全与健康具有重要意义。铁路运输安全事故预测技术就可很好解决上述问题。笔者应用灰色预测理论 ,建立了铁路运输安全事故预测模型 ,开发了安全事故预测软件系统 ,并以某铁路运输企业为例 ,介绍了研制的灰色预测系统软件的应用效果     

烟花爆竹安全生产核心问题研究

烟花爆竹生产作为高危行业,具有很高的风险性和危险性。烟花爆竹安全事故频繁发生,重大事故也时有发生。为改变这种局面,降低烟花爆竹安全事故发生的机率及后果的严重性,本文根据我国当前烟花爆竹的生产和管理现状,对我国烟花爆竹安全生产的核心问题进行了研究,分析了烟花爆竹的危险性和事故发生的原因,结合黑龙江伊春"8.16"特别重大烟花爆竹爆炸事故调查的经历,从技术和管理两个层面提出了有针对性的安全保障措施和建议,对我国烟花爆竹行业的安全生产和监管提供指导和参考。     

Recognition primed decision making and the organisational response to accidents: Überlingen and the challenges of safety improvement in European air traffic management

The pioneering work of Rasmussen, Reason and their colleagues has greatly improved our understanding of the longer term causes of adverse events in safety-critical systems. Far less attention has been paid to the organisational decision making that characterises the response to accidents and incidents. Therefore, this paper examines the interventions by national and international agencies after one of the most serious accidents in European Air Traffic Management. Insights from Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) and Recognition Primed Decision Making (RPDM) are used to explain the complex ways in which technical, organisational and political constraints shape and support the decisions and actions taken by different agencies. These constraints affect national and international safety organisations in the aftermath of major accidents. In particular, this paper uses NDM and RPDM to assess the interventions made by Swiss Federal agencies and by the Air Navigation Service provider (ANSP) following the Überlingen mid-air collision in July 1st 2002. Later sections show that there are strong similarities between the technical, organisational and political constraints that informed their decisions and the factors that directed the work of the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). Some of EUROCONTROL’s safety responsibilities (i.e. the safety regulation elements) will in the future pass to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), an Agency of the European Commission. This transfer of responsibilities has the potential to increase the powers available to ensure the implementation of recommendations following future accidents. At the same time there is a danger that key aspects of existing safety and regulatory activities may be overlooked. It is critical, therefore, that the same level of audit and monitoring be conducted on the European agencies during the transition period as is proposed for service providers and national regulatory agencies. It is important to ensure that these changes do not inadvertently lead to the loss of insights from previous adverse events.     

企业安全确认管理系统的设计及机制研究

通过对安全确认制发展应用状况的总结分析,重新界定了安全确认制的基本内涵,并进一步分析了其主要特点。在此基础上,针对企业安全事故发生的内在机理,指出导致事故发生的根本原因是人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态。通过剖析安全确认制的作用机理,揭示其杜绝不安全因素,防止事故发生,实现企业本质化安全生产的意义。提出了企业安全确认管理的一般流程框架并给出企业安全确认管理工作开展的步骤及建议。设计出企业安全确认管理系统,分析其内部机制,将整个系统分为7个子系统,进一步理清了企业安全确认管理系统构建的思路。     

基于比较视野下政府建筑安全监管问题分析与对策研究

建筑业作为国民经济的支柱产业,其重要地位和作用正日益凸显,然而由于建筑业的特殊性使施工过程的伤亡人数居高不下,重、特大事故时有发生,建筑行业成为继交通和煤矿之后事故死亡人数最多的行业,并且严重影响了建筑业劳动生产率和产品质量的提高,制约着和谐社会的构建和建筑业的稳定发展。基于建筑行业政府主管部门的角度,深入剖析了政府建筑安全监管在法律法规、监督力度及监管手段等方面所存在的问题,并通过比较美国、英国及香港地区的建筑安监督管理模式,总结了发达国家和地区建筑安全监管的先进经验,从完善法规标准、优化监管队伍、丰富监管方式等方面提出安全监管的应对措施,以减少建筑安全事故。     

The predictive validity of safety climate

PROBLEM: Safety professionals have increasingly turned their attention to social science for insight into the causation of industrial accidents. One social construct, safety climate, has been examined by several researchers [Cooper, M. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2004). Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 497-512; Gillen, M., Baltz, D., Gassel, M., Kirsch, L., & Vacarro, D. (2002). Perceived safety climate, job Demands, and coworker support among union and nonunion injured construction workers. Journal of Safety Research, 33(1), 33-51; Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2002). Safety climate and safety behaviour. Australian Journal of Management, 27, 66-76; Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 587-596; Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 616-628] who have documented its importance as a factor explaining the variation of safety-related outcomes (e.g., behavior, accidents). Researchers have developed instruments for measuring safety climate and have established some degree of psychometric reliability and validity. The problem, however, is that predictive validity has not been firmly established, which reduces the credibility of safety climate as a meaningful social construct. The research described in this article addresses this problem and provides additional support for safety climate as a viable construct and as a predictive indicator of safety-related outcomes. METHODS: This study used 292 employees at three locations of a heavy manufacturing organization to complete the 16 item Zohar Safety Climate Questionnaire (ZSCQ) [Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 616-628]. In addition, safety behavior and accident experience data were collected for 5 months following the survey and were statistically analyzed (structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, etc.) to identify correlations, associations, internal consistency, and factorial structures. RESULTS: Results revealed that the ZSCQ: (a) was psychometrically reliable and valid, (b) served as an effective predictor of safety-related outcomes (behavior and accident experience), and (c) could be trimmed to an 11 item survey with little loss of explanatory power. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Practitioners and researchers can use the ZSCQ with reasonable certainty of the questionnaire's reliability and validity. This provides a solid foundation for the development of meaningful organizational interventions and/or continued research into social factors affecting industrial accident experience.     

2006年促进职业安全与健康框架公约和建议书介绍及相关问题探讨

《2006年促进职业安全与健康框架公约》(C187,2006)和《职业安全与健康框架建议书》(R197,2006)的公布是为了进一步减少全球发生的大量职业性伤病和死亡,保护工人免受因就业而引发的病患和伤害,降低职业性伤病和死亡对劳动生产率和经济与社会发展的负面影响。本文对《公约》及《建议书》的主要内容,包括《公约》中的定义、《公约》制定的目标、国家政策、国家制度、国家计划等进行了详细的介绍和分析,以期继续推广预防性安全健康文化建设。     

Lessons learned for process safety management in China

A number of chemical accidents have occurred in China over the past two decades with significant impact on humans and the environment. It is expected that lessons will have been learned from these accidents that will help industries to reduce the risk that catastrophic chemical accidents occur in future. In fact, to some extent there is evidence that lessons have been learned, to the extent that the Chinese government has substantially strengthened legislation and regulatory standards. Nonetheless, there remains a concern that much more still needs to be done to reduce chemical accidents risks in China. Important progress in this area requires not only government support but a commitment across all hazardous industries to learn from past accidents that may in many cases require establishment or considerable improvement of their safety management systems. To assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in this effort, results of an analysis of common causes of the chemical accidents reported in the Major Accident Information (MAI) website of Chinese State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS) are presented in this paper In particular, inadequate process hazard analysis (PHA), training and emergency response planning (ERP) were identified as the top three process safety management (PSM) elements that contribute to most of the SMEs accidents in China. Seven recommendations are proposed in order to improve the effectiveness of lesson learning for government agencies and SMEs.     

系统安全投入与事故率可能性边界模型研究

安全科学是一门新兴的交叉学科,根据安全科学的哲学原理和安全科学基本理论,结合经济学原理,分析安全投入与事故率的规律,在此基础上建立安全投人与事故率可能性边界模型,即“P-S”模型。详细分析和描述了“P—S”模型中各参数的安全意义,推导出“P—S”模型的基本表达式,并定量分析了表达式中参数的取值情况,得出系统存在合理安全投入区间、最佳安全投入和最佳安全经济效益事故率。通过分析发现模型可以客观反应系统的安全投入与事故率之间的对立统一规律,安全投入与事故率“P—S”模型的研究对科学、有效的进行安全投入,提高系统的安全效益和经济效益,降低事故率具有一定的意义。     

Occupational safety and health in Spain

Occupational Health and Safety in Spain has improved considerably over the last decade, most likely due to a new concept where an overall concept of safety culture is defined. Important changes in industrial safety, hygiene, and psychosocial factors present an optimistic panorama for the future of Spain. Despite this general improvement, according to the European Convergence Program, Spanish statistics still offer far from good safety results. In fact, according to 1997 official statistics, Spain had the highest incidence rate for nonfatal occupational accidents of all European Union (EU) countries, and occupied third place for fatal accidents. This paper summarizes the organizational structure of the Spanish National System of Health & Safety at Work, its effective health and safety laws, and statistics on the Spanish work environment obtained from III Spanish National Survey on Work Conditions (1997). The researchers hope that the findings of this work will have an impact on Spanish industry that will subsequently bring about improvements in work conditions and develop assessment and intervention models in occupational health and safety, from a theoretical position integrating environmental, human, and organizational factors.     

基于ISODATA算法的水上交通事故黑点识别

针对水上交通安全问题,基于ISODATA算法和水上交通事故等级综合加权平均法,构建水上交通事故黑点识别模型。结合道路交通黑点及现有水上交通多发区的研究方法,定义水上交通事故黑点;采用ISODATA算法分析水上交通事故空间分布特征,实现对水上交通事故空间的构建;对水上交通事故等级梯度赋值,以量化事故的严重程度,利用等级综合加权平均法确定黑点阈值。并以深圳西部港区水上交通事故为例进行模型应用,共识别出10处事故黑点及其边界,表明水上交通黑点识别模型能有效识别水上交通黑点的空间分布及特征,为水上交通安全状态分析提供了一种度量方法。     

Analysis of factors that influence hazardous material transportation accidents based on Bayesian networks: A case study in China

In this study, we applied Bayesian networks to prioritize the factors that influence hazardous material (Hazmat) transportation accidents. The Bayesian network structure was built based on expert knowledge using Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, and the structure was modified based on a test for conditional independence. We collected and analyzed 94 cases of Chinese Hazmat transportation accidents to compute the posterior probability of each factor using the expectation-maximization learning algorithm. We found that the three most influential factors in Hazmat transportation accidents were human factors, the transport vehicle and facilities, and packing and loading of the Hazmat. These findings provide an empirically supported theoretical basis for Hazmat transportation corporations to take corrective and preventative measures to reduce the risk of accidents.     

沁海煤矿瓦斯重大灾害及生产动态安全状况诊断

按照《煤矿安全规程》2010版制成安全检查表,运用安全检查表法和系统分析的方法对煤矿的主要系统存在的隐患进行逐项诊断,主要诊断矿井的瓦斯抽放系统、矿井的通风系统、矿井的防尘系统、矿井的防灭火系统以及矿井运输提升系统等。诊断主要是针对瓦斯重大灾害及矿井生产过程中违章违规现象以及矿井自然属性带来的系统固有隐患,对矿井中员工的操作规范情况也进行检查,并对存在的隐患和员工的错误操作提出相应的整改措施,促使煤矿及时对矿井存在的系统固有隐患和人为隐患进行整改,以消除在生产动态过程中查出的隐患,从而预防煤矿事故的发生。消灭了事故隐患,实际上也是把事故消灭在萌芽状态之中,达到防患于未然,提高我国煤矿安全生产水平。