Study on the sensitivity to cadmium of marine fish Salaria basilisca（Pisces： Blennidae）

The present study tested the sensitivity of Salaria basilisca to water-cadmium (Cd) contamination. For this purpose, liver somatic index (LSI), Cd concentrations and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in the liver of S. basilisca exposed to Cd-contaminated water (2 mg Cd/L as CdCl2) for 14 and 28 d. The results showed that the LSI decreased significantly after 14 and 28 d of Cd-exposure. Cd bioaccumulation in the liver resulted in an increasing uptake up to 42 g/g dry weight after 28 d of exposure. Activities of CAT and SOD were significantly increased with increasing exposure time. A significant increase in GSH-Px activity, under Cd influence, was observed during 14-day exposure period (p < 0.0001). However, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in this activity with respect to control fish was registered after 28 d of Cd-exposure. These results showed that Cd accumulation in the liver of S. basilisca could induce oxidative stress as demonstrated by changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities. Results also emphasized that S. basilisca may considered as a sensitive species to Cd exposure.     

蚯蚓金属硫蛋白定量PCR检测方法及其分子诊断

根据GenBank中蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)金属硫蛋白(MT)基因序列设计合成引物,采用RT-PCR扩增出目的基因片段,将目的基因片段插入pEASY-Blunt中制备质粒标准品.通过不同梯度稀释倍数的质粒标准品,建立了目的基因MT与内参基因β-actin的SYBR Green I荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法.通过土壤染毒培养实验,将蚯蚓分别暴露于50,500,1000mg/kg 重金属Cd染毒的自然土壤中培养14,28d,研究蚯蚓体内MT mRNA转录水平的表达变化.结果表明,重组质粒测序后显示目的片段序列同源性好,证明所设计的MT、β-actin引物能成功用于蚯蚓MT mRNA的检测.两基因构建的荧光定量标准曲线线性关系分别为0.994,0.999,且PCR扩增效率也皆接近于100%.染毒实验发现,Cd可诱导蚯蚓体内MT mRNA的表达,其表达水平与Cd污染暴露呈现出剂量-效应和时间-效应关系,表明蚯蚓MT基因可作为潜在分子标志物,诊断环境中Cd污染及其暴露水平.     

Se-Ca联合膳食干预缓解Cd诱导小鼠肝肾毒性

为探究Se-Ca联合膳食干预对生物Cd中毒的缓解效果,选取88只BALB/c小鼠,随机划分为19组,在相同饲料Cd暴露浓度下(2mg/kg)分别设置低、中、高浓度的Se和Ca单独和联合膳食干预处理,并观察30d后小鼠的生长发育、肝肾功能、氧化应激状态和组织病理变化.结果显示,Se-Ca联合干预可有效缓解Cd蓄积所致小鼠生长发育迟缓现象,且进一步促进小鼠生长;肝肾功能及氧化应激指标测定结果表明,Se-Ca联合干预对Cd暴露下小鼠肝脏AST、GSH、SOD、GSH-Px和肾脏BUN、MDA、SOD的保护效果优于单一元素干预;联合干预仅需较小剂量即可达到单独Se或Ca干预对肝肾病理损伤的最佳缓解效果.Se-Ca联合膳食干预可有效缓解Cd摄入导致的生长发育缓慢和肝肾毒性,且较之单一元素的干预效果更佳.     

镉对长江华溪蟹金属硫蛋白mRNA表达的诱导及低分子量壳聚糖的联合作用

采用实时荧光定量PCR法,研究了不同浓度镉（Cd2＋）对长江华溪蟹（Sinopotamon yangtsekiense）金属硫蛋白（metallothionein,简称MT）在肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉和心脏中mRNA表达的诱导作用及低分子量壳聚糖（lowmolecular weight chitosan,简称LMWC）的联合作...     

镉对黑斑蛙脏器组织的亚慢性毒性效应

研究了在不同浓度镉(10～40mg/L)中暴露30d黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)脏器组织的亚慢性毒性效应.结果表明,当镉暴露浓度>30mg/L时,黑斑蛙的肝脏指数显著减少.黑斑蛙肝脏、肾脏和心脏Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase活性随着Cd²⁺浓度的升高而降低,表现出明显的浓度-效应关系.在同一浓度(20mg/L)不同时间处理中,肝脏、肾脏组织Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase活性随处理时间的延长表现为先升高后下降的趋势.肝脏和肾脏Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase对Cd²⁺更为敏感.肝脏指数的减少和肝脏、肾脏、心脏组织Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase活性的变化在一定程度上反映了镉对黑斑蛙的损伤作用.     

牙鲆、孔石莼分泌物对混合重金属在牙鲆组织蓄积的影响

研究了海水中总有机碳(TOC)浓度、总有机碳种类对混合重金属(Cu Pb、Cu Cd、Cu Pb Cd)在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)内脏、肌肉、鳃组织蓄积的影响.结果表明,孔石莼分泌物、牙鲆分泌物均能降低Cu、Pb、Cd的生物有效性;当海水TOC种类相同时,随TOC浓度的升高,牙鲆的内脏、肌肉、鳃组织中Cu、Pb、Cd蓄积量均明显下降;当海水TOC浓度相近时,孔石莼分泌物比牙鲆分泌物更能降低牙鲆各组织Cu、Pb、Cd蓄积量.TOC浓度、种类的变化对牙鲆各组织中Cu、Pb、Cd蓄积分配均无影响,各组织重金属蓄积量顺序均为:内脏＞鳃＞肌肉.     

金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收

采用水相平衡态镉浓度不变（0.01mg/L),增加水铝矿颗粒吸附态镉暴露的实验方法，研究了金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收，结果表明，鳃中镉含量均随态镉暴露浓度增加，且镉／铝含量比明显高于水相，从而证实了颗粒态镉的鲁鳃吸收有效性，金鱼鳃吸收态镉的主要过程是：随水流流经鳃表面的颗粒态匐会着在鳃表粘液上，在鳃部微环境下，吸附的镉发生解吸而被鳃部细胞吸收，颗粒物及未被吸收的镉在鳃丝表面短暂停留后与脱落粘液一起随水流从鳃部排出。     

东洞庭湖网箱养殖鲤鱼生长期内重金属的富集特征

于2012年2—7月对东洞庭湖网箱养殖鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)按生长期进行样品采集,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定水样和饲料以及鲤鱼鳃、肝脏和肌肉中的重金属含量. 结果表明:鲤鱼生长环境中的水质属于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅰ类水平,但饲料中重金属质量分数相对较高,成为鲤鱼富集重金属的主要来源. 在鲤鱼生长期内,鱼体内的w(Pb)和w(Cu)均随着鲤鱼的生长而增加. 鲤鱼鳃中Pb未检出,w(Cu)为0.143～0.703mg/kg;肝脏中w(Pb)和w(Cu)分别为0.006～0.181和0.625～6.177mg/kg;肌肉中w(Pb)和w(Cu)分别为nd～0.034和nd～0.161mg/kg. w(Zn)和w(Cd)均随着鲤鱼的生长先增加后下降,在1～4月龄的鲤鱼体内w(Zn)在鳃、肝脏和肌肉中分别从40.121、21.302和2.032mg/kg增至258.964、146.155和18.011mg/kg,w(Cd)则分别从0.015、0.031和0.003mg/kg增至0.078、0.151和0.021mg/kg;4月龄后,w(Zn)在鳃、肝脏和肌肉中逐渐降至173.182、104.219和5.490mg/kg,w(Cd)也降至0.037、0.111和0.018mg/kg. 在鲤鱼生长过程中,肝脏是Pb、Cd和Cu的主要富集部位,鳃是Zn的主要富集部位,肌肉是重金属富集的最弱部位,并且这3个部位间重金属富集的相关性较强.      

水分管理与施硅对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收的影响

为探明水分管理与施硅对土壤砷（As）/镉（Cd）生物有效性、水稻根表铁膜与As/Cd吸收的影响,以贵州省开阳县某砷镉复合污染水稻土为供试土壤,进行了水稻盆栽种植.设5种水分管理模式：全生育期淹水（T1）;移栽到抽穗后三周（0~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（含水率50%~60%）（T2）;移栽到抽穗前三周（0~65 d）淹水,抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T3）;抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T4）和全生育期湿润灌溉（T5）.硅设不施硅和施硅这2个水平.结果表明,淹水/湿润灌溉较单一淹水或单一湿润灌溉更利于根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）的形成,DCB-As/Cd含量随DCB-Fe含量升高而升高;施硅使土壤pH升高,有效As/Cd含量降低,DCB-As含量增加,除淹水处理外的DCB-Fe/Cd含量降低.淹水时间越短,水稻各部位对Cd积累量越高,对As积累量越低.施硅使水稻各部位生物量升高,As/Cd含量降低.其中根、茎、叶和籽粒的Cd含量分别降低4.23%~31.06%、11.41%~52.90%、1.74%~35.73%和19.25%~39.76%,As含量分别降低1.47%~52.60%、6.12%~63.02%、2.97%~28.41%和16.33%~61.23%.5种水分管理中,施硅结合T3水分管理可以实现水稻生物量最高及水稻对砷镉吸收量最小.因此,根据As/Cd实际污染情况合理进行水分管理与施硅可以有效降低土壤As/Cd生物有效性进而减少水稻对As/Cd的累积,实现农田安全生产.     

Quantitation of metallothionein and cadmium in metallothionein in mink livers by anion-exchange HPLC-GFAAS method

Metallothionein (MT) has a great capacity of binding heavy metals showing an interesting connection with metal toxicology, as a biochemical marker for environmental metal pollution. Anino-exchange high per formance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to isolate and quantitate MT in livers of minks which were contaminated with heavy metals. MT isoforms (MT-I and MT-II) were eluted at approximately 11.3 and 14.3 min respectively from a DEAE-5 PW anion-exchange column with a Tris-HCl buffer (0.01 -0.25 mol/L, pH 8.6) and detected by UV absorbance at 254 nm. The cadmium concentrations in mink liver MT elutkms were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) . Obvious increase in liver MT-I concentration rather than liver MT-II was found when the minks were contaminated by feeding contaminated fish captured from the heavy metal-polluted river. The cadmium concentration in mink liver MT-I also increased to some extent as the contaminated level increased.     

长江南京段沉积物中铜、镉形态对水生生物富集的影响

为了全面定量地考察沉积物中各种金属结合形态对不同水生生物富集的影响,运用重金属逐级提取法及采用人工半合成方法,对长江南京段沉积物中铜、镉形态分布不同的情况下鲤鱼和螺蛳对这两种重金属的富集进行了研究。结果表明,沉积物通过对溶解态的贡献间接影响鲤鱼对铜、镉的富集,对螺蛳富集铜、镉同时有直接和间接影响,大小顺序为：阳离子可交换态≥碳酸盐结合态＞有机物和硫化物结合态＞铁锰氧化物结合态＞残渣态。并得出了溶解态和沉积物各态对螺蛳富集铜、镉影响的贡献方程式,指出离子可交换态对富集的贡献比残渣态大10⁵倍。据此可以认为,为了减少受重金属污染河流中水生生物体内的富集量,对生活在水上、中层的鱼类来说,主要应控制水中的重金属浓度;对底栖生物来说,水和沉积物中重金属浓度都应受到控制。     

四溴双酚A在5种巢湖鱼类体内的组织分布与生物浓缩因子研究

利用SPE-HPLC法,分析了四溴双酚A（TBBPA）在巢湖5种经济鱼类体内的组织分布及生物浓缩因子.结果表明,TBBPA在5种鱼体内的平均含量（以干重计）为4.70～11.20 ng.g-1,高低排序为白鱼〉白鲢〉鳙鱼〉鲤鱼〉长吻鮠.不同器官中,白鱼、鳙鱼、鲤鱼和长吻鮠的肾脏中TBBPA含量最高,其次为肝脏和鳃,腹部和背部组织含量较低,无显著脂肪蓄积效应.白鲢体内肝脏的TBBPA含量最高,肾脏和鳃次之.对白鱼各组织中TBBPA含量与体重间的相关关系分析表明,肝脏、肾脏和鳃中TBBPA浓度随体重的增加而增大,而背部、腹部无显著相关关系.同时测得巢湖水体中TBBPA平均浓度为0.52μg.L-1,计算得到5种鱼的生物浓缩因子为9.56～22.64,表明TBBPA在巢湖鱼体中的浓缩效应不显著.     

黄丝草镉污染毒害及硒的缓解作用

研究了黄丝草(Potamogeton maackianus)培养过程中的Cd毒害及其Se的缓解作用.Se能缓解Cd胁迫导致的黄丝草叶绿素含量的降低、细胞膜透性增加和丙二醛(MDA)的积累.与单一的Cd处理相比,加入10mg/L Se后,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性有不同程度的增强,过氧化物酶(POD)活性有所减弱,表明它增强了对活性氧的清除能力,缓解了Cd对膜的伤害.可溶性蛋白含量则保持较高的水平,脯氨酸含量刚好相反,说明Se增强了黄丝草对Cd胁迫的抗性.然而,Se缓解Cd对黄丝草的毒害是有一定限度的,在富Se黄丝草的繁殖过程中,需及时检查重金属污染情况,防止重金属在饵料中的富集,以免造成对渔业的危害.     

Cadmium bioaccumulation in three benthic fish species, Salaria basilisca,Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris collected from the Guff of Gabes in Tunisia

To select a marine teleost fish which can be used as a bioindicator of cadmium (Cd) pollution in the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia, Cd concentrations in liver and gill were compared in three benthic fish species including Salaria basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris. Fish samples were collected from three selected sites in the Gulf of Gabes, with different degrees of Cd contamination: the industrialized coast of Sfax (S1), the coast of Douar Chart (S2) and the coast of Luza ($3). The results shows that Cd concentrations in both sediment and water collected from S1 were significantly higher (p<0.0001) than those from S2 and $3. For each species, Cd concentrations, in both liver and gill, showed the decreasing order: S1>S2>S3. The highest concentration of Cd was detected in the liver of S. basilisca, and only S. basilisca showed bioaccumulation factors (BAF) greater than 1 in all studied sites. In S1 and S2, BAF values respect the following order: S. basilisca>Z. ophiocephalus>S. vulgaris. These results of significant bioaccumulation of Cd, in terms of hepatic concentrations and bioaccamulation factors, indicated that S. basilisca can be used as bioindicator to evaluate the evolution of Cd pollution in the Gulf of Gahes.     

多溴联苯醚在桂花鱼体内的分布

使用 GC-MS-NCI检测方法对持久性有机污染物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的同系物BDE28,47,66,85,99,100,138,153,154,183,209 在桂花鱼体内的含量及分布进行了研究．结果表明,Σ₁₀ PBDEs（不包括BDE209）在肾脏中含量最高,肌肉中含量最低,其干重平均值分别为5.71 ng·g^-1 和0.95 ng·g^-1．Σ₁₀ PBDEs在肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏、鱼鳃、生殖腺、鱼皮、肠胃和肌肉中的干重含量分别为3.04～12.8、0.81～6.90、1.28～8.87、0.09～6.36、1.05～5.73、0.022～5.06、0.69～5.98和0.14～2.61 ng·g^-1．Σ₁₀ PBDEs在各组织和器官的含量顺序为: 肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏> 鱼鳃、生殖腺> 肠胃、肌肉、鱼皮．桂花鱼体所含低溴取代 PBDEs 以 BDE47 为主要同系物,所占丰度为35.7%～65.6%．十溴取代物 BDE209 在所有样品中检出率为 45.2%,其中在肾脏和生殖腺中含量较高．研究表明,PBDEs 由摄食、呼吸2种主要途径进入桂花鱼体内,易富集在肝脏、鱼鳔、鱼鳃等脂肪含量较高的组织和器官中．     

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by di erent vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant di erences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables > solanaceous vegetables > kale vegetables > root vegetables > allimus > melon vegetables > legumes. Distinctive di erences were also identified when comparing di erent cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.     

施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配的调控

为了评估施硅处理对Cd在水稻(Oryza sativa. L)体内迁移的影响,通过外源添加Cd(CdCl₂)制成w(Cd)为50、100 mg/kg的污染土壤,采用盆栽试验研究不同施硅量〔w(Si)分别为0、28、56 mg/kg〕对Cd污染土壤中水稻(以华航丝苗和黄华占为例)植株中Cd积累与分配的影响. 结果表明:施硅处理可明显影响水稻根部w(Cd),表现为增加华航丝苗根部w(Cd)、降低黄花占根部w(Cd),但两个品种根部Cd累积量均呈增加趋势. 施硅处理后华航丝苗和黄华占的叶、谷壳、糊粉层及精米中w(Cd)、Cd累积量均呈降低趋势,并且在施硅量为56 mg/kg时显著降低;施硅处理显著降低了华航丝苗和黄华占茎中w(Cd)以及华航丝苗茎中Cd累积量,同时增加了黄花占茎中Cd累积量. 施硅可显著降低精米中w(Cd),在w(Cd)为50和100 mg/kg的Cd污染水平下,华航丝苗和黄华占精米中w(Cd)较未施硅处理下的最大降幅分别达到32.49%、53.77%和24.73%、20.67%. 施硅对水稻植株各器官的Cd富集系数、转移系数和分配系数都有一定影响,施硅处理下水稻植株地上部各器官的Cd富集系数和转移系数均呈降低趋势,根部Cd分配比例显著增加. 研究显示,施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配有一定调节作用,并因土壤中w(Cd)、施硅量、水稻品种及稻株器官的不同而存在差异.      

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant differences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables solanaceous vegetables kale vegetables root vegetables allimus melon vegetables legumes. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing different cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.     

镧对镉胁迫下菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)幼苗生长的影响

以菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)为实验材料,以水培方法研究了La对Cd抑制对菜豆幼苗生长与代谢的影响.结果表明,在30μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,菜豆的生长受到严重抑制,主要表现为株高、主根长下降31.1%和39.2%,叶面积、叶、茎、根的鲜重、干重分别降低48.0%,42.7%、29.6%、25.0%、26.7%、61.3%、49.4%.在50μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,其生理生化特性发生变化,叶绿素含量、根系活力下降23.5%和28.7%,质膜透性、MDA含量、CAT和POD活性增加5.58%、28.6%、0.6%、7.0%,且随Cd处理时间的延长,伤害加重.叶面喷施10 mg·L^-1 La 1次,对镉污染下的菜豆幼苗的生长与代谢有一定的缓解效应,可减轻镉对幼苗的伤害程度.这与La能提高菜豆幼苗叶绿素含量(30.0%),降低细胞膜透性(0.87%)和MDA含量(9.5%),维持CAT(0.1%)和POD活性(1.6%)等多重作用相关.     

鱼吸收富集LAS的分析研究进展

LAS对鱼等水生生物均产生有害影响,会破坏鱼鳃上皮组织、影响其相关功能(如通透性等)。LAS经由鱼鳃吸收、并通过血液输送到鱼体中各组织。LAS疏水性越大,其在鱼体中生物富集系数越大。水硬度等影响鱼吸收、富集LAS。鱼体中LAS生物转化过程减小了LAS生物富集。鱼体中LAS及其生物转化产物大多是经过固相萃取或基质固相分散萃取后,采用HPLC或HPLC/MS等方法进行分析。